<p>St Edwold&#39;s Church in Stockwood, Dorset, England was rebuilt in the 15th century. It is recorded in the National Heritage List for England as a designated Grade I listed building, and is a redundant church in the care of the Churches Conservation Trust. It was declared redundant on 23 January 1959, and was vested in the Trust on 1 March 1972.</p><br>
<p>St Edwold’s Church is often described as Dorset&#39;s smallest. The church sits next to a farmhouse directly under the wooded heights of Bubb Down. It is a single-celled building. The porch has the date "1636" inscribed, reflecting the fact that the church was rebuilt to some extent in the seventeenth century when a bell turret was also installed.</p><br>
<p>Inside, the church is very plainly furnished. The dedication to St Edwold (9th century) is unique in Dorset. Edwold was the brother of St Edmund the Martyr, King of East Anglia, and he lived as a recluse at nearby Cerne after his sibling’s death. It is not entirely clear why Stockwood church is dedicated to Edwold, but Kenneth Smith&#39;s guidebook suggests that he may have also had a cell here as well as at Cerne.</p><br>
<p>Whitcombe Church in Whitcombe, Dorset, England was built in the 12th century. It is recorded in the National Heritage List for England as a designated Grade I listed building, and is now a redundant church in the care of the Churches Conservation Trust. It was declared redundant on 29 October 1971, and was vested in the Trust on 12 February 1973.</p><br>
<p>The site of the church was used for worship in the Saxon era and there are fragments of two Saxon crosses. The nave of Whitcombe Church dates from the 12th century, with the chancel being added in the 15th. The tower was added in the late 16th century.</p><br>
<p>The interior includes several wall paintings, including one of St Christopher, and a 13th-century Purbeck marble font.</p><br>
<p>William Barnes the English writer, poet, minister, and philologist was the curate at Whitcombe from 1847 to 1852, and again from 1862 preaching his first and last sermons in the church. He wrote over 800 poems, some in Dorset dialect and much other work including a comprehensive English grammar quoting from more than 70 different languages.</p><br>
<p>Mount Stevens is a mountain located in Matanuska-Susitna Borough, Alaska.</p><br>
<p>Mount Stevens is flanked to the northwest by Mount Hunter, and is about 10 mi south of Mount McKinley (Denali).</p><br>
<p>The mountain was named in 2010, after Ted Stevens (1923–2010), who had represented Alaska in the USA Senate from 1968 to 2009.</p><br>
<p>It had been the highest unnamed peak in Alaska, though unofficially called South Hunter Peak.</p><br>
<p>Mount Stevens stands within the watershed of the Susitna River, which drains into Cook Inlet.</p><br>
<p>The east sides of Mount Stevens drain into the Tokositna Glacier, thence into the Tokositna River, Chulitna River, and the Susitna. The west sides of Stevens drain into Kahiltna Glacier, thence into Kahiltna River and the Susitna.</p><br>
<p>Cherry Hill is a historic house located on South Pearl Street  in Albany, New York, United States. It is a timber frame structure dating to the late 18th century. In 1971 it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places, one of the first properties in the city to receive that designation.</p><br>
<p>It was built by Colonel Philip Kiliaen van Rensselaer for his bride Maria Sanders, granddaughter of Peter Schuyler. During the early 19th century, it was the home of Solomon van Rensselaer, who served in Congress and several local governmental positions. It eventually became the manor house of a large farm. Within several years during the 1820s it was both accommodations for the Marquis de Lafayette on his return visit to the USA</p><br>
<p>Van Rensselaer&#39;s descendants lived there for nearly two centuries, preserving intact not only the original interior finishes but also its furniture, portraits, kitchenware and family documents. Since their tenure, it has been operated as a historic house museum by the Historic Cherry Hill Association. It is currently undergoing an extensive restoration since the building was in danger of collapsing under the weight of its stored collections.</p><br>
<h2>Building and grounds</h2><br>
<p>The house is located in southern Albany, on the west side of South Pearl between McCarty and First avenues, just north and west of Interstate 787. It sits on a slight rise giving it a view of the Hudson River and the facilities of the Port of Albany–Rensselaer a half-mile (800 m) east. Second Avenue, the south boundary of the South End–Groesbeckville Historic District, is a block to the north.</p><br>
<p>Along both McCarty and First are detached two- and three-story 19th-century rowhouses. A more modern structure is located along Cherry Hill Street at the opposite corner of the block. Otherwise the land is undeveloped and wooded. The next block north has small, industrial buildings; larger facilities such as tank farms are located across I-787 and the railroad tracks east of the highway.</p><br>
<p>A driveway leads up to the house from South Pearl, a short distance south of the onramp to I-787 across the street. It leads uphill to the house, a two-and-a-half-story, five-by-four-bay rectangular frame dwelling on a stone foundation with clapboard siding.</p><br>
<p>Fenestration consists of six-over-six double-hung sash windows with plain wide wooden surrounds. The main entrance is flanked by additional six-over-six double-hung sash as sidelights. At the attic level on the east and west faces are two additional windows.</p><br>
<p>A small molded cornice marks the roofline. Above it is a gambrel roof shingled in asphalt. It is pierced on either side near the ends by two gabled dormer windows. At the crest are two brick chimneys with corbeled caps.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1768, at the age of 21, Philip Kiliaen van Rensselaer married Maria Sanders, the daughter of another prominent Albany family. At the time the city was still small, largely limited to the area of the current downtown, from which the stockade had only recently been removed. From the family home on South Pearl Street, he continued the familys mercantile business, selling imports from the West Indies and buying local forest and farm products to ship down the Hudson via the sloops that carried much of the eras trade in the region.</p><br>
<p>During this time, he began building a farmstead on family land located south of what was, at the time, the city limits. In the Revolutionary War he served on the local Committee of Correspondence, and later serving as a civilian liaison on the supply chain. By the end of the war Phillip Schuyler, who had his own large farm and house south of the city, trusted him to command ten men and oversee the storage of ordnance.</p><br>
<p>In 1787, with the war behind him and independence achieved, van Rensselaer hired local carpenter Isaac Packard to replace the older, existing house on the farm, which he now called Cherry Hill, with the current structure. The house combined a Georgian body with a gambrel roof, commonly found on the Dutch Colonial houses van Rensselaers ancestors (and indeed many of Albanys earlier settlers) had built. The family and its many children moved in later that year.</p><br>
<p>van Rensselaer kept building up the farm, and by 1790 it was almost a thousand acres (400 ha). That year&#39;s census reports that he had established a tannery and brewery on the property. In 1794 he was elected the first supervisor of the newly created Town of Bethlehem.</p><br>
<p>Four years later he died three months after filing his will. It provided generously for his family, and his wife and children continued to live at Cherry Hill until her death in 1824. One of his sons, Solomon Van Rensselaer, followed his father into public service. In addition to service in the USA House of Representatives, he was also Albanys postmaster and the states adjutant general. In 1824 he hosted the Marquis de Lafayette at Cherry Hill on the Revolutionary War hero&#39;s return tour of the United States.</p><br>
<p>Three years later, the house would be the scene of a more ignominious event, the Cherry Hill murder. Among the 17 people living there in 1827 was John Whipple, a prosperous businessman who had married into the van Rensselaer family. His wife, Elsie Lansing, became romantically involved with Jesse Strang, a drifter who had left his own wife and children in Putnam County and was living under an assumed name as one of the servants in the house. They plotted together to murder Whipple. Stang was caught and confessed in full, believing that Albanys establishment would balk at hanging Elsie and thus spare him the same fate. However, while he was convicted and sentenced to death, she was acquitted. His execution was the last public hanging in the citys history.</p><br>
<p>That class hegemony, which the van Rensselaers had stood atop since Dutch colonial times, was already under threat at that point. With most of the family lands, its original source of wealth, being subdivided and sold, and the semi-feudal patroonship system of land ownership under legal threat, without anything to replace it the family fortune was already in trouble. Over the next several decades the rise of industrialization brought on by the Erie Canal and the development of the railroads fed vast fortunes which dwarfed the van Rensselaers, and brought immigrants to the city, diluting their political power and fueling its steady growth. Development began to encroach southward onto the familys ancestral lands. By 1872 the area around Cherry Hill could no longer be considered rural, and that year Albany formally annexed it into the city. The two dormers were added to the roof sometime between 1850 and 1880.</p><br>
<p>Through the late 19th and early 20th century Cherry Hill was the property of Catherine Putman Rankin, a cousin of the van Rensselaers. Industry, and worker housing, was within a short distance of the house. Rankin, and later her daughter Emily, devoted their time to preserving what was left.</p><br>
<p>In 1963, Emily died and specified in her will that the house was to become a museum. Five years later, that became a reality, and in 1971 it was among the first group of properties listed on the National Register of Historic Places in the city after the Schuyler Mansion. Its collection includes 20,000 objects—all the house&#39;s original furnishings, tableware—and 30,000 historic documents from the van Rensselaer family archives. Some of the items, such as original 18th-century rugs, have been loaned to other museums like the Metropolitan Museum of Art.</p><br>
<p>By the 21st century, that collection, mostly stored in the attic, was putting such a strain on the houses structural system that it had to be moved before the building collapsed from the weight. In 2009, Cherry Hill closed to visitors and began a four-phase, $3.2 million restoration funded by various public and private grants. Currently, various sections of the houses exterior and structure are being removed and carefully restored. The Historic Cherry Hill Association, which maintains the site, is offering behind-the-scenes tours of the work and other activities and programs in the interim.</p><br>
<p>The Walter Merchant House, on Washington Avenue  in Albany, New York, United States, is a brick-and-stone townhouse in the Italianate architectural style, with some Renaissance Revival elements. Built in the mid-19th century, it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2002.</p><br>
<p>At the time of its construction it was surrounded by many similar houses, but it is now one of the rare remaining examples in the city of a townhouse with a surviving rear carriage house. It is one of the only remaining originally residential buildings on that section of Washington, currently used as the main offices of the New York chapter of the National Association of Social Workers.</p><br>
<h2>Buildings and grounds</h2><br>
<p>The house is on the south side of Washington between Lark (USA Route 9W) and Dove streets, two blocks west of the tall Alfred E. Smith State Office Building and the New York State Capitol, a National Historic Landmark. It is surrounded by larger commercial and institutional buildings, some more modern, in its densely developed urban neighborhood. The largest building in the vicinity, the Washington Avenue Armory, also on the Register, is across the street to the north, next to a branch of the city library. At Washington and Dove are two other listed properties, the University Club of Albany building and the former Harmanus Bleecker Library. A large parking garage is on the west; smaller commercial buildings line Washington to the east. To the south, the buildings on Spring Street are part of the large Center Square/Hudson–Park Historic District.</p><br>
<h3>Exterior</h3><br>
<p>A finely detailed cast iron fence and gate, a contributing object to the houses historic character, sets off the sidewalk from the buildings shallow front lawn. From the gate a balustraded brownstone stoop rises to the main entrance of the two-story five-bay structure with raised basement. It is made of brick laid in common bond with a brownstone facade on the north (front) side and topped by a gently pitched gabled roof. Two brick chimneys with recessed panels pierce it near either end.</p><br>
<p>On the basement level the brownstone blocks are rusticated with beveled edges. This treatment is continued in the quoins at the corners. All the other blocks in the facade are smooth and flush.</p><br>
<p>All the basement windows are one-over-one double-hung sash in segmental-arched openings. Above them the similar first-story windows have an additional segmental-arched lintel as well along with a small sill. In the center is the main entrance, recessed in another segmental arch. It has a carved stone cornice on brackets with rinceau and bead decorative patterns.</p><br>
<p>Above it the second-story windows are one-over-one with a flat top. They, too, have flat stone sills and decorative lintels. At the roofline is an elaborate bracketed and modillioned overhanging cornice.</p><br>
<p>The cornice continues along the east and west sides of the house. It has four narrow windows at the basement level, a stained-glass oval window depicting the Merchant family crest in the first story, a single central window on the second story and an arched one at the attic level. At the southwest corner is a small wood-frame addition. The east side has a larger addition, a single story office wing. There is a single window on each of the upper two stories. The south facade has many different additions, some of which are enclosed porches.</p><br>
<h3>Interior</h3><br>
<p>Two arched wooden doors with glazed panels open into a vestibule with panelled walls and a tiled floor. A second set of doors open into the central hall of the double-pile plan interior. It is dominated by the main staircase, finely crafted with a carved newel and balustrade. The plaster ceiling has a cornice.</p><br>
<p>To the east are two large parlors, both also with cornices on their plaster ceilings, wooden architraves and large marble mantelpieces. The original wooden shutters are still on the windows. Doors and moldings are painted to match the plaster.</p><br>
<p>The rooms to the west are decorated very differently, with dark stained wainscoting going midway up the walls. Their fireplaces have wooden mantels, tilework and wooden overmantels. Intersecting polished dark wooden beams and panels create a coffered ceiling. In the rear the windows have several stained glass panels. South of the main hall is a kitchen that has been expanded through the enclosure of some of the original porches.</p><br>
<p>Upstairs the rooms echo the first-floor layout. Each side has two large chambers connected by a small dressing room, each with closet and a small sink. Other than a fireplace with marble surround, the rooms are generally plainer than their downstairs counterparts, but the northwest chamber has an elaborate ceiling cornice. A small chamber is at the north end of the central hall with a larger bathroom with modern fixtures at the south end. The basement was extensively remodeled in the early 20th century, and no original features remain there.</p><br>
<h3>Carriage house</h3><br>
<p>A yard, now mostly filled by a parking lot, separates the house from the carriage house, a two-story seven-bay brick building that fronts on Spring Street. The north (rear) facade, which faces the rear of the house, has irregular fenestration with a variety of double-hung sash window patterns, from six-over-six to one-over-one. Its main feature is an enclosed porch on the second story.</p><br>
<p>The south facade appears to have been modified at some time since its construction along Queen Anne-Colonial Revival lines. Its brick is red with mortar joints. Along the street are six garage doors interrupted by the main door in the fourth bay. The second story has two bay windows. Both they and the other windows are set with six-over-one double-hung sash.</p><br>
<p>On the inside, a main hall divides the garage bays into three on each side. They are open and unpartitioned. Portions of the original steam heating system remain. Upstairs there are many small rooms connected by narrow hallways. All are done with polished oak. Some have built-in cabinets with glazed doors.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In the 1860s, when Merchant acquired the first of two parcels he would combine to build the house on, Albany was feeling the effects of the rapid growth brought on by the completion of the Erie Canal four decades earlier. Its population had increased almost sixfold. Most new inhabitants were immigrants, who settled in the old Dutch colonial core of the city and then spilled over from it to the south, into neighborhoods like the Pastures, Mansion District and South End.</p><br>
<p>Some of those made wealthy by this prosperity began settling to the west of this area, on the higher ground where their houses could overlook the city and the Hudson River. The first major house in the Merchants&#39; future neighborhood was the Samuel Hill mansion, today home to the Fort Orange Club, built around 1810. By the 1830s more large houses would be built opposite and rowhouses owned by the affluent lined many of the streets in the neighborhood.</p><br>
<p>Merchant owned the rowhouse at 186 Washington as of the Civil War. Afterwards he bought the neighboring lot and demolished both houses. The house he built exemplifies in its basic rectangular form, minor classical details and low pitched roof the kind of Italianate urban house in style during that period, the height of the style. More specific Italianate features are the five-bay plan, entrance detailing and decorative cornice. The tightly fit brownstone blocks on the front show the influence of the rising Renaissance Revival style.</p><br>
<p>It is believed that the carriage house was built at the same time. Sometime around 1900, its south facade was remodeled in the contemporary Queen Anne style, with hints of the emerging Colonial Revival mode. At the same time renovations were made to the interior of the house, in particular the basement. At the end of the 20th century, the social workers&#39; association acquired the house and remodeled it to serve as their state headquarters.</p><br>
<p>The Stephen and Harriet Myers House is located on Livingston Avenue in Albany, New York, United States. It is a Greek Revival townhouse built in the mid-19th century. In 2004 it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places as the Stephen and Harriet Myers Residence. It is also listed on the New York State Underground Railroad Heritage Trail and is a site on the National Park Service&#39;s National Network to Freedom.</p><br>
<p>Stephen Myers, himself freed from slavery in his youth, served for a time as chairman of the Vigilance Committee of Albany, which met here in a house built and owned by an African American boat captain who was possibly his brother-in-law. He and his wife Harriet actively assisted others escaping from slavery for nearly 30 years; he also edited some abolitionist newspapers and spoke with Frederick Douglass at anti-slavery events. He was also active in efforts to improve the Albany African American community, helping to found one of the first schools specifically for it in the city.</p><br>
<p>The house was later saved from demolition during urban renewal in the 1970s. It has been neglected but is being restored by the Underground Railroad History Project of the Capital Region, a community-based historical society, with public and private funds.</p><br>
<h2>Building</h2><br>
<p>The house is located on the south side of Livingston, midway between North Swan and Lark streets, in Albany&#39;s Arbor Hill neighborhood north of its downtown areas. It is one of the few brick buildings on that side of the street, in the middle of a group of older timber frame commercial and residential buildings. There are some vacant lots between the newer frame houses on either end of the block built during urban renewal. All are on narrow lots with tall shade trees in the rear. The terrain slopes eastward toward the Hudson River; to the west it levels out.</p><br>
<p>North Swan, to the east, is the boundary of the Arbor Hill Historic District – Ten Broeck Triangle, also listed on the Register. On that block is Ten Broeck Mansion, a contributing property to that district and listed on the Register individually. Two parks, Wilkie Playground and Arbor Hill Park, are in the blocks to the north.</p><br>
<h3>Exterior</h3><br>
<p>The building itself is a two-and-a-half–story, three-bay structure of brick laid in stretcher bond on an exposed basement. A set of wooden steps lead up to the main entrance, on the western bay. A more modern frame house is abuts on the east. There are no windows on either of the gabled sides. The rear is presently faced in asphalt shingle over the original brick but upon completion of restoration will be exposed brick.</p><br>
<p>Trim, from the water table to the lintels and sills, is of sandstone. All of the latter are plain and rectangular except for the triangular main entrance lintel. Both first floor windows have original six-over-six double-hung sash. Upstairs, only the western window does; the other two have one-over-one but will ultimately be restored to six-over-six. There are two other one-over-one windows in the basement, and rectangular casement eyebrow windows in the frieze below the attic cornice. As part of the restoration process all of the older features are expected to be restored.</p><br>
<h3>Interior</h3><br>
<p>The main entrance, at the top of the steps, is slightly recessed. Many of its original decorative elements have been removed pending the restoration. Currently it has a modern aluminum door with two acrylic glass panes.</p><br>
<p>Below the steps is the basement entrance. It opens into a long side hallway. In the front it gives entrance to a large room, probably the original dining room. Most of the interior finishings have deteriorated, but the original wainscoting and a wooden mantelpiece with shelf supported by pilasters. The feature may likely have been decorative as the opening is closed off with original bricks and there is no hearth. In the rear the former kitchen has what remains of a heating plant. The entire wall between it and the hall has been taken down and the building shored up since part of it had collapsed.</p><br>
<p>At the rear end of the hall the stairs begin. There is a newel post at the base but the balustrade is missing. The stairs make 180-degree turns, with the stairwell windows slightly dropped from the other two on the corresponding story.</p><br>
<p>The first floor has a similar plan but with higher ceilings in the parlors. Both also have plaster cornices; medallions seem to be missing but remain in the stair hall. Chimney breasts in both rooms have been stripped of their original plaster. The window surrounds, paneling beneath the windows and flooring are all original.</p><br>
<p>On the second floor the same layout obtains. A small room is at the front end of the hallway above the entrance; the rear room. The bedrooms have their original wooden trim, but no mantelpieces. On either side of the chimney breast in the rear are small closets.</p><br>
<p>A secondary hall corresponding to the roof ridge divides the two sections of the otherwise similarly planned attic. The front room is further subdivided into a large and small room. Some original wooden trim remains amid the modern paneling the story is currently finished with.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The history of the house is most noted in reference to the story of Stephen Myers. He did not own it, but was its second and most famous resident, and made it an important station on the Underground Railroad.</p><br>
<h3>1800–1846: Early life</h3><br>
<p>Stephen Myers was born into slavery around 1800 outside the Rensselaer County hamlet of Hoosick, northeast of Albany. He is listed in some records as having been set free by General Warren, but the identity of a General Warren in 1818 is unclear. No records of the manumission have been found in Albany County archives.</p><br>
<p>Over the next decade he worked in a variety of positions, including grocer and steamboat steward. In 1827 he married Harriet Johnson in Troy, a short distance north of Albany on the opposite side of the river. The couple eventually had four children.</p><br>
<p>According to later testimony, he began assisting escapees from slavery four years later. He was also very active in the African American community that had been established in Albany from 1813 on. Many of its members had settled in Arbor Hill, often (contrary to perceptions of later years) living in racially integrated working-class neighborhoods.</p><br>
<p>Myers advocated for work and education within the African American community, raising money for those causes personally. Among his supporters were John Clarkson Jay, grandson of John Jay, an early governor of New York and first Chief Justice of the United States. A later historian claims Myers helped found the first African-American school in the city, at what is now Israel African Methodist Episcopal Church on Hamilton Street, but there was a school before this one at the African Baptist church on lower Hamilton Street. Myers was the first superintendent of the school at the Methodist Episcopal Church. He fought successfully to establish clearer voting rights for African Americans, starting the Albany Suffrage Club and serving as president of the New York State Suffrage Association, personally lobbying state legislators. He also vocally opposed the use of public funds to buy land in Africa and repatriate slaves there.</p><br>
<p>His first venture into newspaper publishing, The Elevator, took place briefly during this period. Later in the decade Myers became involved with the Northern Star Association, which assisted escaping slaves and published a newspaper, The Northern Star and Freemens Advocate. Its articles and editorials, many written by Myers, argued against slavery and for temperance and African American self-help, education and employment. The association was initially a rival to Albanys older Vigilance Committee, whose membership was drawn from a wider base, including the city&#39;s more established African American families and many religious denominations that vocally opposed slavery. It also published a newspaper called the Tocsin of Liberty.</p><br>
<p>The two organizations, through their newspapers, criticized each other for not doing an effective job of assisting those escaping from slavery, and freedmen in the Albany area who already had. At one point, shortly after the association had been founded, the Tocsin accused Myers of pocketing money meant for the committee. In fact, he had only accepted it on behalf of the association, since it was for whom the money was intended rather than the committee.</p><br>
<p>In the mid-1840s the animosity between the two cooled following the deaths of two prominent clergymen in the Vigilance Committee, both in martyrdom to the cause. Abel Brown, a Baptist minister, contracted fatal pneumonia on a trip to Western New York where he was preaching against slavery. The other, Charles Torrey, who had been one of Myers&#39; chief accusers, was arrested in Maryland for assisting escaped slaves and died in prison there two years later. Back in Albany, the two groups effectively merged and Stephen Myers became chair of the enlarged Vigilance Committee.</p><br>
<p>From the new position, Myers became prominent in the abolition movement beyond Albany. He not only continued publishing The Northern Star, but appeared at anti-slavery events and conferences in the region, sometimes sharing the podium with Frederick Douglass, who in later life cited him specifically as key to the Underground Railroad. From the Myers&#39; house fugitives were sent along to the west, eventually to cross into Canada and freedom.</p><br>
<h3>1847: Construction of house</h3><br>
<p>In 1847 John Johnson, an African American who captained a sloop named Miriam (according to Munsell&#39;s historical Annuls of Albany)in the slips near the base of Livingston Avenue, then called Lumber Street due to the large homes of the many lumber company executives built near the slips, built the house at what was then number 198. The neighborhood at the time was predominantly working class, with many residents working on the boats or slips for the executives down the hill. City directories of the era show an Abram Johnson living nearby; According to the 1855 Census, John was his son and Harriet, who married Stephen Myers, his daughter.</p><br>
<p>John Johnson owned the house; it is not known under what arrangement Stephen Myers and his family lived there. No architect is known; it seems to have been a standard Albany rowhouse of the mid-19th century. It is distinguished as an Albany townhouse from otherwise similar structures in Troy by its rear stairwell with its 180-degree turns and dropped windows. Johnson and his builders seem to have followed the plan strictly, leaving the sides windowless even though there was little likelihood that an attached structure would later be built next door since there was already a house in the rear that needed street access.</p><br>
<h3>1848–1870s: Later life</h3><br>
<p>Two years after moving into the new house, in 1849, Myers merged The Northern Star with another upstate abolitionist newspaper, The True American, published by Samuel Ringgold Ward in Cortland. The combined paper, published from Syracuse, was called The Impartial Citizen. It lasted only another two years before going bankrupt.</p><br>
<p>The 1850s were difficult times for anti-slavery activists, particularly those involved in running the Underground Railroad, due to the passage of a tougher Fugitive Slave Act which required law enforcement in all states to assist in the recapture of those escaping from slavery, and increased penalties against those who assisted escapees. Myers started another newspaper, The Telegraph and Journal, but closed it again in 1855, imploring subscribers in its last issue to subscribe instead to Douglass&#39;s newspaper to further the cause.</p><br>
<p>In 1850 Myers had been elected to the executive committee of the American League of Colored Laborers, part of his continuing activism beyond abolition. Two years later he stepped down as chair of the Vigilance Committee, but continued his efforts for the Underground Railroad. In early 1856 the Vigilance Committee passed a resolution honoring him for having assisted 287 fugitives in less than a year. A later historian of African American abolitionists wrote that Myers&#39; house "had the reputation of being the best-run part of the Underground Railroad in the state."</p><br>
<p>Paul Stewart, a historian who has worked on the restoration of the house, says the Myerses were very open about what they were doing and hospitable to the fugitives who passed through. "When you say Underground Railroad, you think of a lot of secrecy and people hiding in corners... But the closer you look at things, the more you learn. They entertained people at their dinner table. They probably had them sleeping in the upstairs bedroom. It&#39;s not like they were hiding them in the basement." Myers sent many of them on to stations at Syracuse or Oswego. Some went directly north, the shorter route to Canada, usually via steamboats along Lake Champlain.</p><br>
<p>Without the newspapers, Myers had to find other employment. In August 1860 he was working as a butler in Lake George. Back in Albany, Harriet kept the station running. She wrote to William Jay that she assisted ten fugitives that month. At the end of the year, Stephen told Jay that he had received more in the preceding two months than any period of four months since he had started his Underground Railroad work.</p><br>
<p>This was due to the imminent start of the American Civil War. As the cause he had fought for all his adult life became the focus of armed conflict, Myers remained active. He organized local celebrations of the Emancipation Proclamation in 1863, and personally recruited soldiers for the 54th Regiment Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry and other black units raised by that state.</p><br>
<p>After the Union victory in 1865, Harriet Myers died. Her obituary notes her service in assisting those escaping from slavery, and the support she provided her husband in running his newspapers. Five years later, Stephen died. The Albany Evening Times reported that he had most recently been working as a janitor for former Union Army general Patrick Henry Jones, then serving as New York City&#39;s postmaster. " did more for his people than any other colored man living, not excepting Fred Douglass," the paper claimed. His is buried in Albany Rural Cemetery Albany Rural Cemetery, a common final resting place for city residents of the era.</p><br>
<h3>1871–present: Decline and restoration</h3><br>
<p>After the Myers family, the house passed through a succession of other owners. It remained unaltered. The original house to the south was replaced with the structure currently there in 1872.</p><br>
<p>By the middle of the 20th century, it was unoccupied and was showing signs of urban decay. Many of the surrounding houses from the previous century in the Arbor Hill neighborhood were demolished based on a 1962 urban renewal plan. The Myers house, along with some of the older houses near it, was spared.</p><br>
<p>The neglect continued, however, and by the 21st century the house had become county property through tax foreclosure. Local historian Paul Stewart and his wife, Mary Liz, after researching Myers and his work, formed the Underground Railroad History Project of the Capital Region, hosting an annual conference on slavery with speakers from around the world starting in 2001. The new group was able to buy the property from the county in 2004 for $1,500.</p><br>
<p>For the next several years, the organization raised money to restore the house, with the goal of making it a historic house museum devoted to Myers and the local Underground Railroad. The state&#39;s Environmental Protection Fund (EPF) gave them a $50,000 grant at first; by 2007, when the first work got underway, over half a million dollars had been raised. Four years later the EPF came through with a $350,000 grant, a quarter of which had to be matched. The group is hoping to complete the restoration and open the building to the public in by the end of 2012.</p><br>
<p>Nut Grove, also known as the William Walsh House, is a historic house located on McCarty Avenue in Albany, New York, United States. It is a brick building originally designed in the Greek Revival architectural style by architect Alexander Jackson Davis in the mid-19th century. In 1974 it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>It is Davis&#39;s only house in that style in the Hudson Valley, and one of the rare Greek Revival houses to use the "Grecian country house" variant of the style. In the early 20th century it was modified for use as a hospital. Today it is part of a drug treatment clinic, known as the Reilly House and used for sober living. Much of its original ornamentation is gone, but it retains the basic form and some of the interior decoration.</p><br>
<h2>Building</h2><br>
<p>The building as it is today stands at the rear of the Addictions Care Center of Albanys (ACCA) 8 acre property on the south side of McCarty just east of Bowne Street, near the southern boundary of the city. To its west and northwest are ACCAs other two, more modern buildings, and a parking lot. A meditation garden and gazebo are located to the north, part of a grassy area with some mature trees separating ACCA from the Nutgrove Garden public housing complex on Nutgrove Lane to the east. Cherry Hill, another old estate listed on the Register, is a quarter-mile (500 m) to the east on South Pearl Street (New York State Route 32) just north of McCarty. Across McCarty are modern single-family homes. To the south is a wooded slope leading down to Interstate 787.</p><br>
<p>The building itself is a two-story structure of yellow brick, five bays wide along its long side. It is topped by a flat roof. A small shed-roofed one story addition is on the west side of the facade, housing what is now the main entrance at its east end. A wood frame addition with clapboard extends one bay from the south, complemented by one extending from the east just above the southeast corner.</p><br>
<p>Along the east facade, originally the front, is a full-length verandah supported by columns. The window lintels have shell or rosette designs, and the original main entrance has Greek Revival detailing. On the north side, the current main entrance has a small porch with a flat roof supported by square columns. Both the shed-roofed addition and the main block&#39;s roof are topped with a plain wide frieze and box cornice. A modern roof with larger box cornice, pierced by a chimney at the south end, forms the uppermost layer.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>When the house was built, in 1845, it was south of Albanys city limits, in the Town of Bethlehem. William Walsh and his wife were part of the citys wealthy aristocracy. They were related by marriage to Henry James.</p><br>
<p>Those connections led them to friends of Davis, who had built many structures in the Hudson Valley, notably the 1839 Oliver Bronson House in Hudson, today recognized as a National Historic Landmark (NHL). Most of his houses were in either the various Gothic Revival styles becoming popular at the time or the new Hudson River Bracketed mode considered to have been developed by the Bronson house. Both styles were seen as gentler and more harmonious with the surrounding countryside in comparison with the Greek Revival style, whose monumentality, especially in its temple variant, was more suited to public buildings and churches, such as Davis&#39;s 1835 Dutch Reformed Church at Newburgh, also an NHL.</p><br>
<p>For the Walshes, Davis built a Grecian country house overlooking the Hudson River. That variant retains the basic form and symmetry of the standard Greek Revival house, but with some slight deviations and extra decoration to create interest and distinguish it from more standard country houses. Nut Grove was originally topped with a hipped roof, had two rear wings and featured diamond-paned glass windows. A garage and cottage were also located to the southwest.</p><br>
<p>Davis designed several similar Grecian country houses after 1835. A simplified version, with some Italianate features, appears in The Architecture of Country Houses, Andrew Jackson Downing&#39;s influential 1850 pattern book. Nut Grove is the only one known to survive.</p><br>
<p>The Walshes lived at Nut Grove until William died in 1863. His wife soon remarried to Robert Donaldson, who owned two other Davis houses downriver in Barrytown, one of which she moved into with him. Her nephew, Dudley Walsh, took over Nut Grove.</p><br>
<p>In the 1870s, Walsh sold it to Thomas McCarty, an Irish immigrant who had become a wealthy brickmaker. McCarty had served two terms on Albanys City Council before becoming a state assemblyman. The city eventually annexed the area around Nut Grove, and McCarty made two unsuccessful bids for mayor. He built a driveway connecting the property to South Pearl Street, the beginning of todays McCarty Avenue, and began to subdivide the property.</p><br>
<p>The house was purchased in 1902 by Eleanor Spensley, who had founded the Hospital for Incurables in downtown Albany 20 years earlier. She died two months later. For hospital purposes the roof was raised and dormer windows added.</p><br>
<p>In that form, the Hospital for Incurables continued operating in the house until 1973. After it was closed the two rear wings were demolished. It remained vacant, owned by the hospital, until sometime after it was listed on the Register in 1974 when the Addictions Care Center of Albany acquired the property. The roof was completely replaced with a flat roof and modern sliding windows were installed. It is now the Reilly House, a sober living environment that can hold up to 12 men at a time.</p><br>
<p>Murtry Aqueduct is a three-arched aqueduct that was intended to carry the Dorset and Somerset Canal over the Mells River, near Frome in Somerset, England. It is a grade II listed building.</p><br>
<h2>Construction</h2><br>
<p>The aqueduct was built as part of an 8-mile branch of the canal between Frome and Nettlebridge. This branch was never completed and work on the rest of the canal was never started, so Murtry Aqueduct was never filled with water. The aqueduct has some decorative architectural features, including rusticated spandrels and plain pilasters between the arches.</p><br>
<p>At the east end there is a skew arch, smaller than the three main arches, running underneath the canal bed. This skew arch is part of the aqueduct&#39;s south face, but it is separated from the aqueduct on the north side.</p><br>
<p>St. George&#39;s Bay is a bay in the Canadian province of Nova Scotia. It is located on the north shore of the province fronting both the Nova Scotia peninsula and Cape Breton Island, thus comprising a sub-basin of the Gulf of St. Lawrence.</p><br>
<p>The bay measures approximately 25 km wide at its mouth, between Cape George in the west, and Black Point in the east. Its western shore measures approximately 23 km in length from the northern tip of Cape George south to the entrance to Antigonish Harbour. Its southern shore measures approximately 43 km in length from the entrance to Antigonish Harbour through to the Strait of Canso at East Havre Boucher. The eastern shore measures approximately 42 km from Heffernan Point north to Black Point.</p><br>
<p>St. George&#39;s Bay marks the northern end of the Strait of Canso, one of three outlets for the Gulf of St. Lawrence. It is a busy coastal shipping route on account of the Canso Canal; the Canadian Coast Guard maintains a Vessel Traffic Service (VTS) for the bay called "Canso Traffic" with separation schemes defining sea lanes on nautical charts.</p><br>
<h2>Islands</h2><br>
<p>Islands within the bay include from northeast to south to northwest:</p><br>
<p>Port Hood Island</p><br>
<p>Henry Island</p><br>
<p>within Havre Boucher</p><br>
<p>Ile du Havre</p><br>
<p>Crispos Island</p><br>
<p>La Batture</p><br>
<p>within Linwood Harbour</p><br>
<p>Big Island</p><br>
<p>Little Island</p><br>
<p>within Tracadie Harbour</p><br>
<p>Tracadie Big Island (barrier island)</p><br>
<p>Flat Island</p><br>
<p>Isaacs Island</p><br>
<p>Perros Island</p><br>
<p>Grahams Island</p><br>
<p>Myettes Island</p><br>
<p>McCalls Island</p><br>
<p>Petitpas Island</p><br>
<p>Pomquet Island</p><br>
<p>within Pomquet Harbour</p><br>
<p>Ile a Magotte</p><br>
<p>Pomquet Harbour Island</p><br>
<p>within Monks Head Harbour</p><br>
<p>Morrell Island</p><br>
<p>within Antigonish Harbour</p><br>
<p>Captains Island</p><br>
<p>Gooseberry Island</p><br>
<p>Harris Island</p><br>
<p>Black Island</p><br>
<p>Long Island</p><br>
<p>Sheep Island</p><br>
<p>Fallis Island</p><br>
<p>Reef Island</p><br>
<p>Blueberry Island</p><br>
<h2>Communities</h2><br>
<p>Communities along the shoreline of St. George&#39;s Bay include (from northwest to south to northeast):</p><br>
<p>Cape George Point</p><br>
<p>Ballantynes Cove</p><br>
<p>Cape George</p><br>
<p>Lakevale</p><br>
<p>West Lakevale</p><br>
<p>Cribbons Point</p><br>
<p>Morristown</p><br>
<p>MacIsaacs Point</p><br>
<p>Antigonish Harbour</p><br>
<p>Jimtown</p><br>
<p>Mahoneys Beach</p><br>
<p>Harbour Centre</p><br>
<p>Lanark</p><br>
<p>Antigonish Landing</p><br>
<p>Antigonish</p><br>
<p>Greenwold</p><br>
<p>Williams Point</p><br>
<p>South River</p><br>
<p>South River Station</p><br>
<p>Southside Antigonish Harbour</p><br>
<p>Monks Head</p><br>
<p>Pomquet</p><br>
<p>Upper Pomquet</p><br>
<p>Pomquet Station</p><br>
<p>Summerside</p><br>
<p>Bayfield</p><br>
<p>Afton</p><br>
<p>Tracadie</p><br>
<p>McCalls Island</p><br>
<p>Big Tracadie</p><br>
<p>Monastery</p><br>
<p>East Tracadie</p><br>
<p>West Linwood</p><br>
<p>Linwood</p><br>
<p>Cape Jack</p><br>
<p>Havre Boucher</p><br>
<p>East Havre Boucher</p><br>
<p>Troy</p><br>
<p>Low Point</p><br>
<p>Creignish</p><br>
<p>Craigmore</p><br>
<p>Long Point</p><br>
<p>Judique South</p><br>
<p>Judique</p><br>
<p>Judique North</p><br>
<p>Judique Intervale</p><br>
<p>Little Judique</p><br>
<p>Maryville</p><br>
<p>Little Judique Ponds</p><br>
<p>Harbourview</p><br>
<p>Port Hood</p><br>
<p>Marble Hill</p><br>
<p>Port Hood Island</p><br>
<p>The former Harmanus Bleecker Library is located at the intersection of Washington Avenue  and Dove Street in Albany, New York, United States. It is a brick and stone Classical Revival building constructed in the 1920s. In 1996 it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>Designed by notable local architects, the Fuller & Robinson Company, it was the first building in the city intended to be used exclusively as a library, and is considered one of citys best buildings in its architectural style. Along with the nearby University Club, built shortly afterwards, it was Fullers last major work in the city where he had practiced most. It took its name from Harmanus Bleecker, a prominent Albany politician and benefactor whose estate provided the funds for its construction. It has since been adapted to serve as office space.</p><br>
<h2>Building</h2><br>
<p>The library occupies the full block of Dove between Washington Street and Spring Street, one block west of the state capitol, a National Historic Landmark, and the towering Alfred E. Smith State Office Building. Next to it on the west is a more modern, taller building that houses corporate records for the state. Across Washington Street is the University Club of Albany, a similar neo-Georgian brick building also designed by Fuller and listed on the Register. The northwest corner of the intersection is occupied by another listed property, the Albany Institute of History and Art.</p><br>
<p>Other properties on the Register nearby include the Walter Merchant House and Washington Avenue Armory a block to the west on either side of the street, and the state Department of Education building a block east, on the north side of the street. In between are smaller commercial buildings of historic and modern construction. To the south of the library are the small-scale rowhouses in the Center Square/Hudson–Park Historic District.</p><br>
<h3>Exterior</h3><br>
<p>The building itself is a two-story, nine-by-five-bay steel post-and-beam structure on a cast stone foundation resembling granite, faced in brick laid in Flemish bond and topped with a flat roof. Trim is cast stone as well, taking on a more limestone-like appearance on the upper story. Medium-height trees shade the building on all street-facing facades. Its east (front) facade has a projecting pavilion in the central three bays with the main entrance. Secondary entrances are located in the center of the north and south facades.</p><br>
<p>On the first story are ten-light double casement windows, slightly recessed within molded wooden surrounds. Every fifth course of the brick projects slightly. The main entrance is within a recessed stone archway with an awning. Narrow casement windows flank it.</p><br>
<p>A wide plain cast stone frieze tops the windows. Atop it are scroll brackets that support a continuous sill course for the second-story windows. These are slightly recessed double 15-light casement windows with radiating-muntin transoms set in segmental arches with a scroll keystone. The bricks at the corners are quoined.</p><br>
<p>Above is another wide plain frieze with "Harmanus Bleecker Library" carved into it on the center pavilion and both sides. It is topped by a wide modillioned cornice at the roofline. Above the roofline is a brick parapet with cast-stone balustraded sections above the windows.</p><br>
<p>On the central pavilion, the first story has the same projecting courses as the rest of that story. The narrow windows are covered with decorative iron grilles. The main entrance is additionally flanked by iron lamps. Above it a projecting cornice supported by scroll brackets shelters an entablature with "Harmanus Bleecker Library" written in it again. From the cornice and the stone frieze rise square fluted pilasters dividing the main window from two flanking 15-light casement windows. An additional two pilasters are on their sides. Above the two windows are the state seal and city coat of arms carved in stone. The pilaster capitals, with egg and dart molding, support the frieze.</p><br>
<h3>Interior</h3><br>
<p>Paneled wooden doors lead into an interior that remains largely as the building was when constructed. The structural steel is covered by reinforced concrete walls. On the original mezzanine level, since removed, the flooring consisted of ¾-inch–thick (0.75 in) translucent glass panels supported by T-shaped steel frames.</p><br>
<p>Original oak handrails on metal railings lead up from the entrance. There is a terrazzo floor here and marble wall cladding and baseboard. Elsewhere in the interior, on door and window surrounds and wainscoting, much of the original oak woodwork remains. The second floor has removable partitions to better facilitate its use as office space.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Harmanus Bleecker, the grandson of a former Colonial-era mayor, served a term in the House of Representatives in the early 1810s, when he was still a young man. He practiced law locally and served on the board of several civic organizations. In his later life he served as Ambassador to the Netherlands in the Martin van Buren administration.</p><br>
<p>After his death in 1848, he left his estate to his much younger wife with the stipulation that, upon her death, the money would be spent to benefit the city. She survived him by almost 40 years, and the executor of her estate decided the $130,000 ($ in modern dollars) would best be spent to benefit the Young Men&#39;s Association, an organization Bleecker had strongly supported and served on the board of. Harmanus Bleecker Hall, a library and theater complex, was built in 1889 on Washington near Lark Street.</p><br>
<p>Thirty years later, in 1919, the board of the Young Mens Association decided it would be better off with a structure dedicated purely for use as a library. It sold the hall and used the proceeds to build the library. Architect Albert W. Fuller, designer of many significant local buildings from the late 19th and early 20th centuries, received the commission, His Classical Revival building, distinguished by its solid rectangular form, contrast between stonework rusticated on the first floor and smooth above, archways and heavily decorated entrance pavilion, is considered one of Albanys finest examples of the style. Along with the similar University Club of Albany building across Washington, completed a few years later, which complements it despite being in the Colonial Revival style, are his last major works in the city where he lived his life and built most of his buildings.</p><br>
<p>The association deeded the new building to the city near the end of 1924. It was the first library building in the city, and the beginning of Albany&#39;s current public library system. After over a decade, the city decided to sell the building in 1990. It took another decade until Capital Partners, a local investment firm, bought it in 2001.</p><br>
<p>A feasibility study done for Capital came to the conclusion that it would be necessary to increase the usable space in the building by 50% in order for it to be profitable. Accordingly, the mezzanine level and its unique flooring were removed to create a full third level. one of the Capital District&#39;s largest public relations firms.</p><br>
<p>The A. Mendelson and Son Company Building is located on Broadway in Albany, New York, United States. It is a brick industrial building erected in the early 20th century. In 2003 it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It is one of the few intact examples of the early 20th century industrial architecture of Albany.</p><br>
<p>Originally built to replace an earlier building damaged by fire in 1904, it was used to manufacture lye and potash. It is one of the few remaining industrial buildings from that period on Albany&#39;s waterfront, making a distinct contrast to an adjacent building erected just a decade later. Several subsequent owners have left it largely intact, and it remains in industrial use, home for the past four decades to a tape and label manufacturer, as well as some other small businesses.</p><br>
<h2>Building</h2><br>
<p>The Mendelson Building occupies most of the block on the west side of Broadway between Fourth Avenue and Vine Street. To the east, between Broadway and the Hudson River, are parking lots, vacant land and another large building. Two other industrial buildings, of a similar size and shape but not as old, are to the north. A modern warehouse is on the south. On the west are railroad tracks used by CSX and the elevated roadways of Interstate 787, dividing the waterfront from the residential neighborhoods of the South End.</p><br>
<p>The building itself is a three-story 10-by-13-bay brick structure on a foundation of cut bluestone and topped by a flat roof. The facade bricks are laid in common bond. Most windows are 12-over-12 light wood double-hung sash windows with mild segmental-arched lintels. Smaller, narrower windows are interspersed between them at irregular intervals, most significantly on all three stories between the fourth and fifth bays from the east on the north side. A small round window is on the third bay south on the east side.</p><br>
<p>A belt course connects the window lintels. These are the buildings only decoration besides "Port Business Center" painted in large black letters on a yellow background just below the eastern roofline. The bricks rise several feet above the roofline to form a parapet capped with terra cotta barrel tiles. At the southwest corner the roof is pierced by the elevators motor housing, and a small chimney rises from the northeast.</p><br>
<p>In the fourth bay west from Broadway along the north side is the building&#39;s main business entrance. A small set of steps leads up to a heavy wooden door with transom. A similar secondary entrance is in the fourth bay from the east facde, just west of a large loading door similar to that in the middle of the east facade. Along the south is a large metal canopy, and another loading door is in the center. The west of the building has loading doors on the first and second floors.</p><br>
<p>Inside, the floor layout reflects both the temporary nature of industrial space and the cage structural system. The buildings structural load is carried by the steel beams and iron columns inside. The exterior walls are self-supporting; corbeled pilasters on their interiors support the beams, and the iron columns are within the masonry of the buildings two interior north-south firewalls. Secondary support is provided by eight-inch–thick (8 in) iron columns throughout.</p><br>
<p>The first floor is concrete. On the upper two stories, 14 by timber joists rest across the steel beams, supporting wood planking several inches thick. This is covered by steel plate in many areas to make moving barrels around easier. The firewalls have two entries with relieving arches and iron sliding doors on tracks. The elevator in the southwest corner is the original traction elevator, with its motor on top to free up space on the first floor. Most partitions within the firewalled areas are made of materials that can easily be removed without seriously damaging the building.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Erie Canal and the development of railroads made Albany a bustling inland port by the late 19th century. Industry in the city found the area around the port an ideal business location, and by the end of the century there were 16 such buildings along Broadway similar to the Mendelson building, with the river and port facilities on one side and the Delaware and Hudson Railroad on the other. The site at 40 Broadway is first known to have been used by the John A. Goewey Company, which built a five-story brick building to make holloware, in particular ham boilers and tea kettles. The complex included a foundry and shops on the west side.</p><br>
<p>In 1882 A. Winterburn started the Capital City Malleable Iron Company in the building, primarily making agricultural implements and carriage irons. The interior was used for both pattern shops and offices. Thirteen years later, in 1895, it was transferred to the A. Mendelson and Son Company, makers of lye and potash.</p><br>
<p>A 1904 fire destroyed the upper two floors and, along with the water used to extinguish the fire, severely damaged the lower stories. The Times Union, Albany&#39;s major daily newspaper then as now, reported that 150 people had been left jobless and a considerable amount of inventory destroyed. The owners promised the building would be rebuilt as soon as possible.</p><br>
<p>It has not been determined exactly when the current building was constructed. Albany did not start issuing building permits until 1909, and there are none for 40 Broadway. Based on the owners promise, it has been assumed that the site was cleared and the current, smaller building was in place around 1905 at the earliest, and definitely before 1909. It is possible that some elements of the original buildings foundation were reused in the current building.</p><br>
<p>Aesthetically, the current building is typical of factories from the turn-of-the-century period. Brick is used extensively both inside and out, with minimal decoration. The large windows allowed natural light into interior spaces that were difficult to light fully with electricity. Elevators were also standard for the time in new industrial construction. A new feature in the building resulting from the destruction of the old was an automatic fire sprinkler system.</p><br>
<p>In 1909, Mendelson bought the building that existed at that time to its north, which had been a grain wholesaler and distributor. A bridge was built over Fourth Avenue to connect them. Seven years later, in 1916, the company demolished that building and replaced it with the current building. While similar in size and form to its neighbor, the newer building showed a distinct change had taken place in industrial aesthetics from the era in which 40 Broadway had been constructed. It used steel framing and was faced in concrete, with rows of small steel sash windows letting in light rather than the larger wooden ones.</p><br>
<p>Mendelson sold both buildings in 1919 to the B.T. Babbitt Company, another lye maker, which had been doing business since the 1830s. Babbitt expanded its product line to include soaps and soap powders, but made no changes to the building itself. They in turn sold the buildings in 1965.</p><br>
<p>In 1969, 40 Broadway was purchased by Greenbush Tape & Label; the family-owned business moved there, where it has been ever since. At some point before that, the steel canopy had been added over the shipping and receiving area on the south facade. Greenbush removed the bridges to the 1916 building and added a glass door on the second floor of the south facade to allow access to the canopy. In 2000 it replaced the roof. Other businesses in the building include an art gallery, recently restored after a 2009 fire, and an antique pool table dealership.</p><br>
<p>The New Scotland Avenue  Armory is located on New Scotland Avenue in Albany, New York, United States. It is a large brick building constructed in the early 20th century. In 1994 it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places, one of two armories in the city of Albany to be so designated.</p><br>
<p>Designed by Lewis Pilcher, it is one of only six extant armories in the state designed for cavalry units of the New York National Guard. Its restrained Tudor Revival architecture was a break from the more fortress-like armories of the late 19th century. It continued to be used by units of the New York National Guard for most of the 20th century. Today it is the office of the University Heights Association, which owns much of the nearby land, and other community organizations and businesses.</p><br>
<h2>Building</h2><br>
<p>The armory is located in Albanys University Heights neighborhood. It is on a three-acre (3 acre) lot on the south side of New Scotland Avenue a short distance east of its intersection with South Lake and Woodlawn avenues on the north side. Its immediate neighborhood is dominated by similarly large-scale institutional buildings, mostly related to health care. The campus of Sage College of Albany is on the south and west, with the five-story tower of the David Axelrod Institute for Public Health, a laboratory facility of the state Department of Healths Wadsworth Center, is surrounded by a parking lot on the east. The large campus of the Capital District Psychiatric Center is across the street, next to Albany Medical Center Hospital to the northeast. Outside of this enclave, the surrounding neighborhood is residential, giving way to the Washington Park Historic District, the city&#39;s largest, three blocks to the northeast.</p><br>
<p>The building itself is a "T"-shaped steel frame structure on a parged concrete foundation with walls faced in brick above a granite water table. A two-story, 13-bay front administration building with a flat roof is joined to a structurally similar barrel vaulted -story drill shed. There is also a single-story former stable wing with a hipped roof projecting east from the southeast corner.</p><br>
<p>Two corner bastions set off the middle seven bays of the administration building&#39;s north (front) facade from the wings on either side. At its roofline is a machicolated brick cornice with a stone belt course topped by crenelated parapets with rifle slits and stone coping. In the field of the shallow pediment at either bastion is a high-relief stone carving of the state seal. They are complemented by the initials "N.G.N.Y." carved into stone blocks below a slightly higher section of parapet at the center, above the main entrance.</p><br>
<p>All windows are set in recessed surrounds with stone sills, flared-brick lintels and stone keystones. They are nine-over-nine double-hung sash on the first story and six-over-six on the second. The first story windows are further distinguished by iron protective bars. Above the segmental-arched main entrance there are three windows. The east and west facades have similar fenestration, five bays deep with the middle three in a slightly projecting pavilion. In the middle of the first floor is a segmental-arched entrance with a tall double door topped by transom lights.</p><br>
<p>The west facade of the drill shed has five bays, set apart by brick pilasters. Fenestration is the same as the first floor of the administration building; the southernmost bay is blank. Two paired modern entrances are located in the third bay from the south and the one closest to the admin building. On either end of the shed are banks of multi-paned windows; a clerestory with seven banks of similar windows tops the roof curve. There are several modern entrances in the south end.</p><br>
<p>The stable wing&#39;s hipped roof has cross-gabling and shed dormer windows. Most of its windows are the same nine-over-nine double-hung sash as those on the first floor of the other sections. Several large stable doors have been bricked over.</p><br>
<p>Inside the building is largely plain, with minimal decoration, as it was originally constructed. Many of the offices and the entire interior of the stable wing have been extensively altered. The company meeting room has a brick fireplace mantel and the interior of the drill shed retains its original exposed roof trusses.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>It has not been determined exactly when Troop B was established. Records show that as of 1889 it was assigned to the Washington Avenue Armory closer to Albany&#39;s downtown. It shared that building with four infantry units, and it could not have been an ideal location for a cavalry unit since there was insufficient space to drill with or board horses. By the early 20th century, improvements in local transportation made it possible to use previously outlying locations, and the current armory was built.</p><br>
<p>Lewis Pilcher, then New York&#39;s state architect, designed the building. Aesthetically, it represented a move away from the more fortress-like Gothic and medieval military architecture which characterized many earlier armories located in urban cores toward a more restrained application of the Tudor Revival architectural style. The armory is one of only six extant in the state designed for a cavalry unit.</p><br>
<p>Shortly after moving into the armory, Troop B saw service in World War I as a machine gun company. In 1950 Troop B was taken over by the 106th Anti-Aircraft Artillery Battalion (10th Regiment), which became the 127th over the course of the following decade. In 1960 it became the First Battalion of the 210th Armor and remained so until that unit was deactivated in 1993.</p><br>
<p>B Company of the First Battalion of the 101st Cavalry and various other detachments used the building during the six years before the state Division of Military and Naval Affairs closed and sold it in 1999. Since its closure it has been home to several businesses and the University Heights Association (UHA), which oversees the campuses in the area.</p><br>
<p>The Marty and Dorothy Silverman Foundation originally bought the property and leased it to the UHA. It gave the organization $14 million to buy the 31 acre in the vicinity that it leased to Sage and the other institutions. Litigation ensued in 2005 when the foundation and the UHA disagreed over whether the money had been a gift or a loan. After the UHA went bankrupt, the suit was settled with an agreement under which the armory property reverted to the foundation. In 2011, the foundation sued another buyer near bankruptcy, alleging misrepresentation during the original negotiations.</p><br>
<p>Kelston Park is located in the village of Kelston, approximately 3 miles from Bath in North East Somerset, England. Altogether the house and gardens of Kelston Park cover an area of approximately 75 hectare. The house has been designated as a Grade II* listed building. The garden is Grade II* listed in the National Register of Historic Parks and Gardens.</p><br>
<p>The River Avon, Bristol & Bath Railway Path, A4 and railway track between Bristol and Bath can be viewed from the rear of the building, which is now primarily used as offices.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The first house on the site was north of the current building, beside the village church, where a walled courtyard and terraced earthworks are all that remains above ground. The original manor house was built between 1567 and 1574 by John Harington and was later finished by his son, Sir John Harington. It was intended to be one of the grandest houses in the county.</p><br>
<p>The Tudor mansion was demolished and the current house at Kelston Park was built on a ridge overlooking the Avon River, on the site of the Harington&#39;s summerhouse. It covers 13,202 ft&sup2; on three floors, and was built around the 1760s by John Wood, the Younger for Sir Caesar Hawkins, who was Serjeant-Surgeon to Kings George II and III. Sir Caesar Hawkins commissioned Capability Brown to lay out the park in 1767-8.</p><br>
<p>In 1828 it was sold by the Hawkins family to Joseph Neeld who built many of the outhouses. It passed down through the family to the Inigo-Jones family, who added an entrance lodge and the porch over the main entrance. The house was leased to the Methodist Church in 1967 for use as a training centre.</p><br>
<h2>Office use</h2><br>
<p>In 1993 the property was purchased to become the headquarters of The Andrew Brownsword Collection, which made greeting cards and were acquired by Hallmark Cards. Some of the businesses now at Kelston Park include McMullen Commercial Property Consultants, R D Owen & Co Chartered Accountants, Harrington Wood Chartered Financial Planners and Hart Greaves.</p><br>
<p>The Sénia River  is a river in the provinces of Castellón and Tarragona, Spain It begins its course at 1,200 m in the Barranc del Salt, Ports de Beseit limestone massif near La Pobla de Benifassà.</p><br>
<p>The Sénia flows from west to east marking the historical limits between Catalonia (Montsià) and the Valencian Community (Baix Maestrat). It ends its course in the Mediterranean Sea at Sòl de Riu., between Vinaròs and Alcanar municipalities. Its flow is highly irregular. Some years its riverbed remains dry during the whole stretch of its lower course.</p><br>
<p>The Ulldecona Dam is a dam built across three tributaries of the Sénia river in the Tinença de Benifassà area. With a surface of 116 hectare and a capacity of 11 hm3, its reservoir is very important for the irrigation of fields of the region.</p><br>
<h2>Tributaries</h2><br>
<p>From the left:</p><br>
<p>Barranc dels Terrers: 40&deg;35&prime;54.06&Prime;N latitude, 0&deg;26&prime;24.75&Prime;E longitude</p><br>
<p>Taylor Inlet is an inlet located in the Great Southern region of Western Australia. The inlet is located on the coast near Nanarup Beach and is approximately 23 km East of Albany and is contained within the Taylor Inlet nature reserve.</p><br>
<p>The inlet is a wave dominated estuary with a degraded catchment, that is a result of substantial clearing and a saline run-off. It covers a total area of 1.2 km&sup2; and the catchment covers a total area of about 10 km&sup2</p><br>
<p>The inlet is separated from the Southern Ocean by a sand bar and typically open once or twice a year for a few weeks at a time usually between September and January. It kidney shaped and lies almost parallel to the shoreline. The channel is approximately 300 m in length and 100 m wide.</p><br>
<p>The vegetation fringing the inlet include Melaleuca cuticularis, Juncus kraussii, Samolus repens, Gahnia trifida and Baumea juncea. Other plants found in the surrounding dunes include Sand spinifex, Sword sedge and berry saltbush, pigface and peppermint trees.</p><br>
<p>Ozren  is a mountain in central Serbia, near the town of Sokobanja. Its highest peak, Leskovik, has an elevation of 1,178 m. Ozren is well-forested and attractive as a picnic ground for visitors to the Soko Banja.</p><br>
<h2>Plant life</h2><br>
<p>For the most part, the mountain is heavily forested.</p><br>
<h2>Hydrology</h2><br>
<p>The mountain is rich in creeks and streams. The short river of Gradašnička reka springs on the mountain and flows into the Sokobanjska Moravica. Until early 2000s it had several watermills. The river is known for the Ripaljka Waterfall. It is located on an altitude of 420 m and 17.5 m high. Geographer Jovan Cvijić described it as one of the "most beautiful and highest" waterfalls in Serbia. Due to the seasonal changes, the waterfall has the largest amount of water in spring and autumn while it is much calmer during summer. The area surrounding Ripaljka was protected as the nature park in 1948, the oldest such a protected area in Serbia.</p><br>
<h2>Features</h2><br>
<p>Near Ripaljka are the Grudonje watermill and the Church of the Margaret the Virgin (Ognjena Marija), built on the foundations of a much older church. There is a stone monument at the church with the inscription "3 P N S", dating from the period of Ottoman rule. Local chronicles, who claim that the numeral inscriptions at that time were written using Old Slavonic letters instead of the numbers, say that it represents number 1648, but historical records can&#39;t confirm that it was the date when the church was founded. Allegedly, the watermill and the surrounding 2.5 hectare of land were bought from some local Turk for two pairs of oxen. The watermill is still operational, but can be used only during the high waters, in spring and autumn.</p><br>
<p>Jermenčić Monastery is located on the mountain and is the oldest surviving object on the mountain. According to tradition, it was built by the group of Armenians (Serbian: Jermeni, hence the name) who fled the Ottoman army during the Battle of Kosovo in 1389. They were forcibly drafted in the Turkish army and when they realized that they had to fight Serbs, Orthodox Christians and the people of Saint Sava who was highly regarded in Armenia, they decided to desert the Turks. Through the valleys of Ibar and South Morava, they reached Ozren. Thankful for managing to escape the slavery, they built the church and dedicated it to the Saint Archangels Gabriel and Michael. During the Great Serbian Migration in 1690, the monks moved to the Velika Remeta monastery on the mountain of Fruška Gora, in Syrmia. Turks burnt the monastery in 1796 and it was rebuilt as a military church by Karađorđe, leader of the First Serbian Uprising, in 1806. The church has a gable roof (na dve vode) and a kalkan.</p><br>
<p>An annual folk festival, dedicated to the Archangels, is held annually near the monastery, on 26 July. Next to the monastery is a spring and an inscription dating the spring to 1874. Above the monastery there are caves and graves, including the 580 m Ozren Cave. It has one hall and five galleries while the pottery from the Neolithic has been discovered inside.</p><br>
<h2>Folklore</h2><br>
<p>The region of Ozren is known for the rich, magical folk tales and customs. Watermills have important place in the stories as it was believed that the impure spirits inhabit their vicinity. If someone would remain in the watermill until midnight, he would have to spend the entire night inside. In the early morning, the visitors would first check if there is a cobweb on the ceiling. If there would be none, it would mean that the demons spent the night inside so the watermill had to be censed first. They were also the location for the spells and charms. A mute child would be placed on the grinding stone and while it turns, the chants were spoken. A water that would sprinkle while the grindstones turn, was called the "spelling water". A girl would collect the water and than sprinkle the guy whom she fences, so that he would fall in love with her. Local population also believed in Water Spirit, who could appear in the watermill and stop the stones from grinding grains.</p><br>
<h2>Tourism</h2><br>
<p>Due to the clean mountain air and the beneficial wind rose it was recognized a long time ago as the air spa, with the specialized sanatorium for the lung diseases. ("Ozren" Hospiral). Hence the development of Sokobanja as a town and spa center (Serbian for "hawk&#39;s spa").</p><br>
<p>Since the mid 2010s, Ozren became the popular paragliding location.</p><br>
<p>Pico del Caballo, Cerro del Caballo or simply Caballo  is 3,011 m high mountain in the Sierra Nevada, Spain.</p><br>
<p>It is the westernmost three thousander of the range.</p><br>
<h2>Climbing</h2><br>
<p>Caballo mountain can be accessed from the towns of Lanjaron,</p><br>
<p>Durcal and also from the Sierra Nevada Ski Resort.</p><br>
<p>The Ski Resort is located at Pradollano,</p><br>
<p>also the north west flank of the Veleta mountain.</p><br>
<p>There is a hut at the east side of the mountain</p><br>
<p>at 2800 m altitude.</p><br>
<p>The hut covers eight people and can be used</p><br>
<p>all year around.</p><br>
<p>It belongs into category of bivouac,</p><br>
<p>which means it is built to give protection only.</p><br>
<p>Huts like Poqueira hut are guarded and usually</p><br>
<p>provide meals and heating.</p><br>
<p>Other hut which can be used is the Elorrieta hut</p><br>
<p>on the top of the Tajos de la Virgen mountain.</p><br>
<p>Nearest water taking place is the river Rio Lanjaron</p><br>
<p>at the south side of the mountain.</p><br>
<p>There is also tiny rivers on the west side</p><br>
<p>of the mountain at 2500 m altitude.</p><br>
<p>These seasonal rivers can be difficult to find sometimes.</p><br>
<p>During the winter months Sierra Nevada mountains</p><br>
<p>have Alpine conditions,</p><br>
<p>even there is not much glacier to be met anymore.</p><br>
<p>Ice axe and crampons are essential.</p><br>
<h2>Around the mountain</h2><br>
<p>Caballo mountain offers great views on the neighbouring</p><br>
<p>mountains like :</p><br>
<p>Veleta, Mulhacén and Alcazaba (Sierra Nevada).</p><br>
<p>The ridge starting from Caballo continues several km almost</p><br>
<p>at the same altitude</p><br>
<p>turning at the Tajos de la Virgen mountain, 3237 m.</p><br>
<p>The ridge has become very popular during the recent years,</p><br>
<p>as it provides an easy walk and scramble during summer months.</p><br>
<p>From Tajos de la Virgen the ridge turns towards south west</p><br>
<p>ending at the south side of the Caballo mountain</p><br>
<p>and making a big Y letter.</p><br>
<p>The highest peak on the southern ridge is Tajo de los Machos, 3088m.</p><br>
<p>At the middle of the two ridges starts the river Rio Lanjaron,</p><br>
<p>400 m lower. Rio Lanjaron flows several km down</p><br>
<p>towards the town of Lanjaron.</p><br>
<p>There is also a few lakes in this wide mountain valley.</p><br>
<p>The Moscow Covered Bridge is a historic covered bridge located at Moscow, Indiana, a small unincorporated town in Rush County, Indiana. It is of Burr Arch construction, 334 feet  long in two spans over Big Flat Rock River in It is the third longest covered bridge in the state.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the USA National Register of Historic Places in 1983, as part of a multiple property submission covering six bridges built by the Kennedy family firm.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The bridge was originally constructed in 1886 by Emmett L. Kennedy of the Kennedy family firm that was responsible for many of Indiana&#39;s covered bridges. The Moscow bridge came to be the defining characteristic of the small community of Moscow, even providing the theme of an annual community festival. It was a devastating loss to the community when on June 3, 2008, a tornado destroyed the bridge and dropped its remnants into the valley of the Big Flatrock River.</p><br>
<p>A website, was used to solicit donations for reconstruction.</p><br>
<p>Local and state officials soon decided to rebuild the bridge. State prison inmates assisted in retrieving salvageable material from the old bridge from the river bed for reuse. The Dan McCollum and Sons firm was hired to manage the reconstruction of the bridge which was dedicated and reopened in September 2010.</p><br>
<p>Per the MoscowBridge.Com website, the reconstructed bridge "consists of over 40% timbers from the old bridge. The new bridge is built as a E. L. Kennedy designed and engineered bridge. It has the same look as the bridge destroyed June 3, 2008."</p><br>
<p>The Little Rock USA Post Office and Courthouse, also known as Old Post Office and Courthouse, in Little Rock, Arkansas, is a historic post office, federal office, and courthouse building located at Little Rock in Pulaski County, Arkansas. It is a courthouse for the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Arkansas.</p><br>
<h2>Building history</h2><br>
<p>The Old Post Office and Courthouse was constructed between 1876 and 1881 to accommodate Little Rock&#39;s need for various federal services. James B. Hill, supervising architect of the USA Treasury Department, designed the building in the Italian Renaissance Revival style. The original architectural plans remain in existence, and may be among the oldest surviving plans in Arkansas.</p><br>
<p>Originally, the first floor contained postal services, while the second floor consisted of office space for federal agencies including the Collector of Internal Revenue. The USA District Court occupied the third and fourth floors with spaces for courtrooms, judges, and juries, as well as the USA Marshal&#39;s office. As Little Rock continued to grow and the need for federal services increased, the building was enlarged several times. Supervising Architect William Martin Aiken designed a 9,000 ft&sup2; addition that was built to the north of the original building in 1897. It housed a larger mail-sorting space and courtroom. In 1908, Supervising Architect James Knox Taylor designed two additional wings, which wrapped around the east and west sides of the building and totaled 16,000 ft&sup2, to accommodate postal service needs.</p><br>
<p>Despite the enlargements, both the postal service and the court vacated the building in 1932 for other facilities in Little Rock; however, federal agencies such as the Armed Forces Examining and Entrance Station continued to occupy it. In 1975, the building was declared surplus federal property, transferred to the Arkansas Commemorative Commission, and renovated for use by the University of Arkansas at Little Rock&#39;s William H. Bowen School of Law. In 1992, the law school vacated the property, and the State of Arkansas returned it to the federal government. The USA General Services Administration (GSA) oversaw a renovation of the building from 1994 to 1997, and rear wings were added. The USA Bankruptcy Court and USA Marshal Service currently occupy the building.</p><br>
<p>The building is one of the most notable examples of the Italian Renaissance Revival style in Arkansas. It was listed in the National Register of Historic Places in 1973 and was nominated for the 2004&ndash;2005 The Office Building of the Year (TOBY) Award in the historical building category by the Building Owners and Managers Association.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The Little Rock Post Office and Courthouse is an example of Italian Renaissance Revival architecture, a decorative style of the Victorian era. Although the building has several additions, they are compatible with the original portion and the building remains an excellent example of the style. The original four-story building sits atop a Cabin Creek, Arkansas, sandstone foundation. The base is clad in pink Indiana granite and walls are clad in Berea, Ohio, sandstone on the upper stories. Stone on the first level is rusticated, while the stories above are clad in smooth ashlar, an exterior treatment that is common in classically inspired architecture. When GSA completed the 1994&ndash;1997 restoration, broken protruding stones and eroded cornices were carefully patched or replaced using stone from the same quarry as the original. Similarly, Virginia slate covering the roof was meticulously repaired or replaced.</p><br>
<p>A four-story central pavilion dominates the principal facade. It contains windows in tall, round arches on the upper stories. The arches have carved classical motifs, such as crests, urns, and foliated designs, and are separated by simple pilasters (attached columns). The wide overhanging eaves are supported by ornamental brackets, a characteristic of Italian Renaissance Revival architecture. Iron cresting surrounds the roof, which also contains elaborately capped tall chimneys. The pavilion is flanked by three-story wings that contain windows with segmental-arch openings on the first level. Pediments, another classical feature, are located on the side elevations. A dentil (rectangular block) course tops these wings. Single-story wings added from 1908 to 1910 are rusticated as is the first level of the original building. A modern steel-and-glass addition is located to the rear of the building. Despite the additions, the building&#39;s facade remains symmetrical.</p><br>
<p>The interior contains many ornate, richly finished spaces. A stunning plaster coffered ceiling tops the 23 ft space of a courtroom in the original portion of the building. Decorative bands and motifs are distinguished by vivid shades of paint, which were commonly used during the Victorian era when the original portion of the building was constructed. When the ceiling was repainted as part of the 1994 to 1997 restoration, meticulous paint analysis revealed that more than 25 different colors were originally used and these were replicated. The courtroom also features articulated segmental arches over large windows separated by pilasters. Historic wood wainscot surrounds the lower portion of the room. A courtroom in the 1897 portion is clad in pink and gray Tennessee marble. The judge&#39;s bench is flanked by marble Ionic columns. Most of the original hardware, including brass window pulls and bronze ventilation grilles, remain.</p><br>
<p>Columns in the main lobby (formerly the postal lobby) are plaster that has been painted to imitate marble. The columns have cast-iron bases and capitols. Floors are covered in terrazzo with gray Tennessee marble borders. Bronze and brass are prominently used in grilles and door hardware. An open-cage elevator from the 1890s has wrought and cast-iron features that have been restored and painted with historically accurate colors. One of the first elevators in Arkansas, it is not operational due to modern safety requirements. An elaborate iron staircase with a painted iron and mahogany handrail has also been restored. The balustrade features both curvilinear and geometric motifs, and a painted rosette is located on the outside of each step. Newell posts contain the same rosette pattern as well as other colorful foliated motifs.</p><br>
<p>As part of the 1994 to 1997 renovations, GSA commissioned Jim Sanborn to create a work of art for the plaza sidewalk adjacent to the building. Entitled Ex Nexum, the sculpture consists of a text-inscribed serpentine bronze screen flanked by two tall blocks of granite. The work comments upon the changing history of the law which now allows individuals and corporations to survive financial collapse.</p><br>
<h2>Significant events</h2><br>
<p>1897: First addition constructed</p><br>
<p>1876&ndash;1881: Building constructed</p><br>
<p>1908&ndash;1910: Second addition constructed</p><br>
<p>1932: Federal courts and post office vacate building</p><br>
<p>1973: Building listed in the National Register of Historic Places</p><br>
<p>1978&ndash;1992: Building declared surplus federal inventory and used by the University of Arkansas at Little Rock&#39;s William H. Bowen School of Law</p><br>
<p>1992: Building returned to the federal inventory</p><br>
<p>1994&ndash;1997: Major renovation, including construction of new rear wing</p><br>
<h2>Building facts</h2><br>
<p>Location: 300 West 2nd Street</p><br>
<p>Architects: James B. Hill; William Martin; Aiken James Knox Taylor; Witsell Evans Rasco and Polk Stanley Saunders & Associates</p><br>
<p>Construction Dates: 1876&ndash;1881; 1897; 1908–1910; 1994–1997</p><br>
<p>Landmark Status: Listed in the National Register of Historic Places</p><br>
<p>Architectural Style: Italian Renaissance Revival</p><br>
<p>Primary Materials: Sandstone and Granite</p><br>
<p>Prominent Features: Central pavilion; Restored open-cage elevator and courtrooms</p><br>
<p>The Pahute Mesa  is a large, 60 mi long mesa in southern Nye County, Nevada. The mesa&#39;s southeast region lies in the Nevada Test Site which is southeast; the region in the test site is called Pahute Mesa, one of the major test site sub-regions.</p><br>
<p>The central, and some southeast sections of the Pahute Mesa are the south-southwest flowing upland watersheds of the Amargosa River which flows south past Beatty and the Bare Mountains. The river enters the Amargosa Desert and Valley just south of Beatty, a northeast watershed tributary to southern Death Valley.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The mesa is variable in width but generally from 20-25 mi wide. The mesa extends northwest to southeast with the east merging into the Eleana Range at the center-north of the Nevada Test Site. The mesa forms the southwest border of the Nellis Air Force Range, at the northeast of Sarcobatus Flat; the Nellis Range border then turns north to end adjacent Tonopah, Nevada, about 65 mi distant.</p><br>
<h3>Peaks, and highpoint</h3><br>
<p>The highest peak in the northwest end of the mesa is Tolicha Peak, 7,054 ft. Quartz Mountain, 6,945 ft, is adjacent 3 mi east. Other peaks occur in the southeast where the mesa merges into the northwest of the Eleana Range.</p><br>
<h2>Access</h2><br>
<p>Route USA 95 traverses the southwest border of Pahute Mesa at the northeast of Sarcobatus Flat, the road from Beatty to Goldfield, Nevada. Since the mesa and regions north are part of the Nellis Air Force Range, access from the north is from Tonopah and USA Route 6 in Nevada, going by way of Gold Flat and other regions south of the Cactus Range, anchoring the northwest corner of the Air Force Range.</p><br>
<p>Alta Vista or Chalchihuites, is an archaeological site near the municipality of Chalchihuites in the Mexican state of Zacatecas, in the northwest of Mexico. It is located the west of Cerro Sombrerete in the northwestern corner of the Durango state, it is believed that the site was a cultural oasis that was occupied more or less continuously from AD 100 to AD 1400.</p><br>
<p>The site is within the “Sierra de Chalchihuites” – from the Nahuatl word chalchíhuitl, the name means “precious Stone”, where the Chalchihuites-Chichimec culture was established.</p><br>
<p>The Altavista name is due to a ranch that existed in the vicinity, at the time when archaeologist Manuel Gamio visited the area. There are opinions that this ceremonial center was developed by the súchil branch of the Chalchihuites culture.</p><br>
<p>It is related to the Chalchihuites culture that flourished during the mesoamerican classical period, it had a social and political structure; had a hieroglyphical writing system. And constructed formal cities and ceremonial centers, as they had urbanization techniques, a numbering system, astronomy, and other important knowledge. These people were known as Chalchihuites, found sufficient elements to favor their social, economic and military life, thus decided to settle here.</p><br>
<p>AltaVista was a control center for the turquoise trade route, originating in the oasis-American mines of New Mexico. Population decayed towards the year 800 CE, following a disastrous dry spell that ruined farming in the Mexican semi desert.</p><br>
<p>Altavista flourishing is estimated towards years 400 to 650 CE; e.g., in the classical period, the Chalchihuites cultural and ceremonial center represents the maximum northern expansion of Mesoamerica.</p><br>
<p>This culture spread on the corridor of the eastern flanks of the Sierra Madre Occidental, from west of the State of Zacatecas to Durango, between 100 and 1250 CE., approximately. It is considered a border culture or "culture of transition", according to archaeologist Manuel Gamio classification of mesoamerican sedentary groups and hunter-gatherer Chichimec groups that inhabited the arid northern plateau.</p><br>
<h2>Site History</h2><br>
<p>In 1908 Manuel Gamio performed the first scientific excavations in northern Mexico. In Alta Vista he explored the zone now known as the Columns Hall and the annexed stairway; he also made preliminary investigations of the “caverns” in the region, which he considered defensive refuges.</p><br>
<p>The site was not investigated anymore until 1971, when J. Charles Kelley initiated an extensive excavation of the site. The knowledge of the Chalchihuites site and culture that today is available, is due to the 30 years of studies made by Kelley and associates in the region of the Zacatecas and Durango States.</p><br>
<p>According to Kelley, the Alta Vista ceremonial center was a designed and built between 450-470 CE. It has been demonstrated that it was not randomly drawn and constructed, but based on a precise location and directions from the Chapín hill, which is a plateau located seven kilometers to the southwest of the ceremonial center where two circle-cross petroglyphs were found, resembling those found at Teotihuacan. From those stone-glyphs, during the summer solstice a sun alignment is projected onto a summit that arises in the Colorado River, known as Picacho Mountain. The Peak, as well, is related to the Labyrinth of the archaeological site of Alta Vista.</p><br>
<h2>The Site</h2><br>
<p>Alta Vista is located almost on the Tropic of Cancer and is oriented such that the corners of the main structures coincide with the cardinal points axes; this is not very common in Mesoamerica.</p><br>
<p>The Chalchihuites investigation works of Phil Weigand, found evidence of more than 750 prehispanic mines; probably the Mesoamerican area with greater mining activity. Also, turquoise imported from distant deposits was found; probably originating from the US southwest, over a thousand kilometers north of Chalchihuites.</p><br>
<p>Per Kelley investigation, during its apogee, Altavista played a role similar to other Classic period Mesoamerican ceremonial centers, but on a key Chichimec area. This meant that economic activities and local trade existed, exchange of resources with foreign groups at regional level, from mining exploitation and a political control, which for Chalchihuites included construction and maintenance of religious and civic structures from 450 to 850 CE approximately.</p><br>
<p>Ceremonial centers such as Alta Vista, with its sophisticated characteristics related to the complex Mesoamerican ritual ideology, are important to understand the nature of ties that Teotihuacán managed to establish in different parts of Mesoamerica. Traders, priests groups and merchants that managed to integrate the incipient regional elites within trade networks and established routes to maintain these activities; they were, probably one of the integrating forces of the classic Mesoamerica.</p><br>
<h2>Site Orientation</h2><br>
<p>The archaeological site was built according to the precise location and orientation of two hills, one is Chapín, seven kilometers southeast, where the two circle-cross petroglyphs were found (similar to those in Teotihuacán). From there the sun alignment on the other hill can be seen, Picacho Pelón, aligned with the Altavista labyrinth, (see below) a hallway limited by adobe walls and embedded pilasters. At the end of the corridor is the Observatory, from which the first equinox sun rays peek over the top of the hill.</p><br>
<p>The perfect orientation of the civic or main plaza towards the four cardinal points evidences the enormous knowledge possessed by these ancient people of the Astral and magnetic poles.</p><br>
<p>Another construction, is the "Columns Hall", it has been confirmed that it is a lunar calendar, which consists of four parallel rows of seven columns, which are equivalent to the 28-day lunar cycle.</p><br>
<p>The archaeological site is located near the Tropic of Cancer and is believed to be one of the main astronomical observatories in Mesoamerica. Its location allows perfect observation the Sun equinoxes and solstices steps in relation to the Sun rising by surrounding hills: Chapín, Pedregoso and Picacho.</p><br>
<h2>Structures</h2><br>
<p>It is apparent that most of the constructions on this site have not yet been explored.</p><br>
<p>There are two regular size civic plazas, each has a mound in the Center, it is assumed that these were used for human sacrifices, or for people involved in ceremonies or competition. It is worth mentioning, in the east plaza, has more hierarchical spaces, and it leads to believe that these were reserved for regional representatives of native groups, when events took place.</p><br>
<h3>Column Hall</h3><br>
<p>This is earliest site structure. It is an enclosure with square base that contains vestiges of a quadrangular chamber with 28 columns that were roof support. The space is divided into four parallel rows of seven columns each, with different sizes and shapes. It is inferred that this was a calendar in which the equivalence of the lunar cycle of 28 days is evident. The hall was constructed over a masonry platform, integrated to a patio with a central altar and an elevated perimeter corridor or walkway.</p><br>
<p>During excavations it was detected that the structure was carefully laid out, using a lay out post system, that served to fix dimensions to the lines of the inferior and outer walls; these posts were kept and covered with stucco.</p><br>
<p>It is believed that the original building had an open patio in center and that in time the structure was modified by adding columns to support a complete roofing system. In a later stage, it was filled up to turn it a platform that supported a superior structure, today has disappeared.</p><br>
<h3>Gamio Stairway</h3><br>
<p>The so-called “Gamio Stairs” were probably an access to the above building. It is noted that several columns seem to have been reinforced; in addition, some reinforcement was added to the outer walls, it is inferred that there were some structural faults in the structure.</p><br>
<p>A multiple burial was found near the northern lower corner of the structure, including four ceramic vessels as offerings, apparently associated with the four cardinal points. The vessel bodies are decorated with an eagle holding serpents and lightning with its beak and claws. It is inferred that the building was a temple dedicated to the cult of God Tezcatlipoca, the Nocturnal Jaguar God of Northern Skies.</p><br>
<h3>Sun Pyramid</h3><br>
<p>Investigation work in 1976 by Kelley and his team, determined that this pyramid is the last of three constructive stages. On top they found remains of a temple with battlements. Inside the pyramid is a crypt that contained remains of three individuals with very elaborated offerings, it is believed that they were priest-governors associated to the solar cult.</p><br>
<h3>Skull Temple</h3><br>
<p>It is located southwest of the Sun Pyramid, the adobe walls and floors were stuccoed in repeated occasions. A 70 centimeters small entrance is located in the center of the southeastern wall. Two 40 centimeters diameter floor holes were found that are believed to have served as foundation for two wood posts which held a roof bracket for ceiling support. In center is a rock furnace with adobe stucco; it measures, approximately, two square meters. A Concentration of disarticulated human bones was found on the floor of this structure, mainly skulls, jaws and long bones, most of the skulls display perforations in the apex, as well as two leg bones with traces of ropes Mecate (rein) tied in the ends. It has been deduced that the skulls and long bones hung from the ceiling and that they could represent trophies or offerings associated to human sacrifice.</p><br>
<p>This practice of human sacrifice with ritual exhibition appears in the river basin of Mexico in the Postclassical period (900-1519 CE.) as the Tzompantli architectonic element, it suggests a relation between the mountain groups of this northern region with those of the Mexico central plateau.</p><br>
<h3>Labyrinth</h3><br>
<p>Located next to the Columns Hall. It is a long corridor with masonry walls; it is made up of a series of returns and pillars with diverse angles. More detailed Inspection showed several additions or corrections that were made throughout the corridor. It has been demonstrated that the eastern extension of the corridor and the summit of the Picacho hill are aligned at the raising of the equinoctial sun.</p><br>
<p>Apparently the sun on the horizon, behind Picacho, illuminates the labyrinth with a direct light beam; hence it is called the “solar path”. The precision used to draw up and build this structure is emphasized, so that it could work as a solar calendar instrument. On one side of the labyrinth is a set of rooms, a hall and an atrium, which is identified as the Astronomers Palace.</p><br>
<h3>Other structures</h3><br>
<p>There are many structures yet to be studied. On a platform southwest of the patio are vestiges of three structures; a central pyramid and small enclosures to both sides.</p><br>
<h2>Site negligence</h2><br>
<p>Chalchihuites population is concerned about the lack of security in the area and safety lacking for the important and valuable collection of archeological pieces housed at the Museum.</p><br>
<h2>Notas</h2><br>
<p>Rozenburg is an island in the western Netherlands, in the province of South Holland. Rozenburg Island was formed centuries ago from several sand bars in the Meuse estuary. In 1568, construction started on the first set of dikes and in 1586 the land known as Roosenburgh was leased to Dirk Ariensz. Bisdommer and Son, the first permanent inhabitant of Rozenburg.</p><br>
<p>In 1950, the stretch of the Nieuwe Maas river south of Rozenburg (also locally called Brielse Maas) was dammed off at both ends of Rozenburg Island, thereby forming Briel Lake and connecting it to Voorne-Putten Island.</p><br>
<p>Beginning in the same period, most of the island was given over to industrial enterprise, part of the Port of Rotterdam (Botlek and Europoort). When these sea ports were being planned in the 1950s, the councils of Rotterdam and Rozenburg made the arrangement that Rotterdam would lead the development of the ports and industry, while Rozenburg would look after the housing of the expected population increase. The village of Blankenburg on the island had to be completely removed to make way for new canals and industry. The new housing developments were concentrated around the old village centre of Rozenburg on the Scheur branch. In a short period its population rose from 3,500 to over 14,000.</p><br>
<p>The Sierra Madre Range is a mountain range in the western United States, located in south-central Wyoming and north-central Colorado. Geologically, it may be considered an extension of the Park Range of Colorado. South of the Great Divide Basin, the US Continental Divide runs along the Sierre Madre high points. Its western basins drain into the Colorado River and its eastern into the North Platte River. Buck Mountain ) is the highest peak in the range and lies within Colorado. Bridger Peak  is its highest elevation on the Wyoming side of the range.</p><br>
<p>Copper resources within the range were extracted during the late 19th and early 20th centuries by the Ferris-Haggarty mine which lies about two miles west of Bridger Peak. Its operations were centered near Encampment 15 miles to the east. Gold findings in the range during the 1890s sparked a short-lived gold rush that attracted thousands of prospectors. The possibility of further discoveries renewed interest during the late 20th and early 21st centuries.</p><br>
<p>Much of the range lies within the Medicine Bow – Routt National Forest. Protected areas include the Encampment River Wilderness, the Huston Park Wilderness, and parts of the Mount Zirkel Wilderness. The range is traversed by Wyoming Highway 70, which (except in winter when the road is closed) crosses the Continental Divide at an elevation of 9,915 ft at Battle Pass near the old Battle mining site.</p><br>
<p>The range supports a number of popular game species, including elk, mule deer, and grouse, along with other species mentioned in the states Comprehensive Wildlife Conservation Strategy Report. In 2009 the states Game and Fish Department, describing its wildlife as "world class", issued a report recommending that the area&#39;s natural values be analyzed and that energy development leases in the area be withdrawn.</p><br>
<p>West Third Street Historic District is located on the west side of downtown Davenport, Iowa, United States. It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The historic district connects the central business district with the working-class neighborhoods of the West End. Its historical significance is its connection to Davenport’s German-American community. Germans were the largest ethnic group to settle in Davenport.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>German immigrants started moving into the city in noticeable numbers starting in the late 1840s. In 1848 250 Germans came to Davenport and by 1850 that number rose to close to 3,000, or 20% of the city’s population. German immigration remained strong through the 1880s The Iowa census of 1890 showed that a quarter of Scott County residents were natives of Germany. A disproportionate number of those immigrants came from Schleswig-Holstein, which was in a border and personal rights dispute with Denmark in the 1840s. Other German immigrants to Davenport came from Bavaria, Hamburg, Hanover, and Mecklenburg.</p><br>
<p>Washington Square was a city block that was laid out by city founder Antoine LeClaire as part of the original town. By the 1850s it became the focus for the cultural life of many German immigrants who came to Davenport. The Germania Gasthaus, which housed many immigrants when they first came to the city, was just off the square on West Second Street. The Deutsch Theatre and the Central Turnverein, which no longer exist, faced the square on Third Street. The square itself, which sported a fountain topped with the statue of Lady of Germania, was the site of German beer gardens, outdoor music events, veterans’ celebrations and other community gatherings. Today the square is the downtown location of the YMCA, which was built in the 1960s. In 2006 a new gateway park at the foot of the Centennial Bridge was installed and it contains a statue of the Lady of Germania that was modeled on the one that once graced the square. The Lady of Germania is an ancient symbol that personified strength, unity and liberty. She was also a reminder to many people of their native Germany.</p><br>
<p>German “free thinkers” were part of the German immigration that came to Davenport. Their political and philosophical thinking tended to be anti-clerical and secular. This included their opposition to the establishment of parochial schools. Instead, they started the Freie Deutsche Schule near Washington Square in September 1852. The school remained in operation for 35 years and instructed children of the German families in their political stance of a separate German culture that emphasized secular concerns. Not all German immigrants were of this political bent and parochial schools were started at Trinity Lutheran Church and St. Kunigunda Catholic Church (later renamed St. Joseph).</p><br>
<p>Washington Square, and what is now the West Third Street Historic District, was lined with buildings that had small shops with residential space above. In some cases, the residential space housed the proprietor of the shop below. In other cases, the residential space was rented out by the shopkeeper for additional income. By and large, the buildings along West Third Street were built between the 1850s and 1900. It was a working-class neighborhood. Besides the shopkeepers, it was also home to residents who worked in the factories and mills along the Mississippi River. The German character of the area diminished as a result of anti-German sentiments that resulted from World War I. As the 20th century continued larger and more modern buildings were built closer to the central business district, and the areas further to the west started to decline.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The buildings in the West Third Street Historic District are made up of small commercial buildings, single-family dwellings, double houses, row houses, tenements and apartment buildings. The combination of land use and different building types gives the district a unique character that is not found elsewhere in Davenport. The buildings, overall, are simple structures. Generally, they are one and two-story side-gabled structures that can be expanded saltbox fashion in the back, or they could be extended on one or both ends. For the most part, the houses are located on the west side of the district and the commercial buildings to the east. The buildings were largely built between the 1850s and the 1920s.</p><br>
<p>The older buildings in the district are side-gable structures designed in a vernacular Greek Revival style. These buildings serve a variety of functions including single-family houses, commercial buildings with apartments above, duplexes, and rowhouses. Several of the commercial buildings are also built in a vernacular Italianate style.</p><br>
<p>Toward the end of the 19th-century, larger buildings were built in and near the central business district. These buildings generally had more ornate storefronts and apartments above. Large brick apartment blocks were also built at this time. The commercial buildings were three to three and a half stories tall with cast iron storefronts and window bays on the upper floors. The side walls in between the buildings were opened up with recessed polygonal “wells” for the windows. Some of the buildings had a central entrance that led to a center stair hall. Others featured two entrances which led to flats on one side of a shared wall. The later arrangement featured mirror-image facades similar to the double houses.</p><br>
<h2>Contributing Properties</h2><br>
<p>Hiller Building</p><br>
<p>Linden Flats</p><br>
<p>Charles F. Ranzow and Sons Building</p><br>
<p>Siemer House</p><br>
<p>The Date Creek Mountains are a short, arid range in southwest Yavapai County, Arizona. Congress is on its southeast foothills, and Wickenburg lies 15 mi southeast.</p><br>
<h2>Description and area</h2><br>
<p>The short range is only about 13 mi long. The Date Creek Mountains are located in the western region of the Arizona transition zone on its southwest. It borders the lower elevation Sonoran Desert to the southwest, where USA Route 93 in Arizona travels northwest x southeast, from Phoenix, Arizona to Kingman, Arizona, a stretch called the Joshua Tree Highway; the Yucca brevifolia Joshua trees find their southeast range here, as does an extension southeast of the Mojave Desert.</p><br>
<p>The Date Creek Range is also on the northeast border of landforms creating the separation between the southeast Mojave and northwest Sonoran Deserts. The region is named the Maria fold and thrust belt but here, southwest of the Date Creeks is the northwest of the region where three-ranges, and two-intermontane-valleys line parallel in an arc-shape. At these parallel landforms northeast is the basin draining north to Alamo Lake. The Date Creek&#39;s lie to the ENE, the Aguila Valley lies to the southeast. The Poachie Range massif and the Arrastra Mountain Wilderness anchor this basin to the north, and northwest of the Date Creek Mountains.</p><br>
<p>The highpoint of the range is on its southeast, Tenderfoot Hill, 3,477 ft.</p><br>
<h2>Major thrust-faulted ranges</h2><br>
<p>The major mountain ranges that are thrusted northwesterly in the Maria fold and thrust belt region are, from north to south:</p><br>
<p>Buckskin Mountains</p><br>
<p>Butler Valley (Arizona)</p><br>
<p>Harcuvar Mountains</p><br>
<p>McMullen Valley</p><br>
<p>Harquahala Mountains</p><br>
<p>Some of the thirty landforms in the fold-and-thrust-belt listed in a circular path around these three ranges are:</p><br>
<p>NE, Alamo Lake State Park, NE Buckskin Mtns</p><br>
<p>Access roads from USA Route 93, northwest, dirt, and southwest, Arizona State Route 71 terminating at Aguila, Arizona, at the northeast of the Harquahala&#39;s</p><br>
<p>Southeast of the Harquahalas, three mountain ranges, and the Hassayampa and Harquahala Plains-(Harquahala Valley)</p><br>
<p>The southwest and west perimeter of the three ranges is the Bouse Wash Drainage; the drainage is in the Ranegras Plain, but two small ranges, and the Bouse Hills abut the perimeter as well</p><br>
<p>The northwest abuts the Cactus Plain and the Cactus Plain Wilderness</p><br>
<p>The northwest also has the Buckskin Mountains extending into a western section at the confluence of the Colorado and Bill Williams Rivers. Buckskin Mountain State Park is located here.</p><br>
<p>The Bill Williams River downstream from Alamo Lake State Park is the northern border of the three ranges, as well as the de facto border of fold-and-thrust-belt. The river is also a dividing line between the Mojave Desert north and northwest, and the Sonoran Desert, south and southeast; in California, the Colorado Desert subsection of the Sonoran Desert lies southwest.</p><br>
<p>The Nela is a river in northeastern Castile-Leon, Spain, one of the tributaries of the Ebro River. It has a watershed of 1.081,20 km², with a total length of 75 km.</p><br>
<p>The river has its source in the karstic hills of Montes del Somo, near Merindad de Valdeporres. Most of the Nela&#39;s water is drawn by the Trasvase Cerneja-Ordunte to supply water to Bilbao, as well as irrigation.</p><br>
<p>There are fishfarms in Busnela and Pedrosa de Valdeporres, as well as a hydroelectric complex in Nofuentes. Finally the Nela flows into the Ebro near Trespaderne.</p><br>
<p>The amphibian Discoglossus galganoi, the fish Chondrostoma toxostoma and the snail Elona quimperiana are among the most common animal species found in the Nela river&#39;s waters.</p><br>
<p>The former Young Men&#39;s Christian Association Building in Albany, New York, United States, is located on Pearl Street . It was built in the 1880s in the Romanesque Revival architectural style, with an existing neighboring structure annexed to it and a rear addition built in the 1920s. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978. Two years later, when the Downtown Albany Historic District was designated and listed on the Register, the YMCA building was further included as a contributing property.</p><br>
<p>At the time of its construction, it had the first gymnasium in upstate New York, and one of the earliest indoor swimming pools in the country. Several years later, it hosted the first basketball game played away from Springfield College, where the sport was invented.</p><br>
<h2>Building</h2><br>
<p>The building is located at the northwest corner of the Steuben Street intersection. The surrounding neighborhood is densely developed with tall brick commercial buildings of a similar vintage and scale such as the Kenmore Hotel. The ground slopes upward to the west, away from the nearby Hudson River, exposing the lowest story as the ground level along Pearl Street.</p><br>
<p>That ground level is part of a two-story foundation of rough-cut masonry with brownstone trim. The three stories above are faced in brick, also with brownstone. A flat-roofed round turret begins at the second story on the southeast corner. At the top is a steeply pitched gabled slate roof with three projecting gables and several small dormer windows.</p><br>
<p>At street level is the glass front of the Pearl Street Pub, a bar, wrapping around to the east end of the south facade. To its west is a small recessed rectangular triple window and then the main entryway, a two-story segmented archway with foliated decoration and a balustraded stone stairway recessed deeply inside. A large datestone is to the east of the archway. Beyond it to the west is an oriel window. On the second story are rectangular one-over-one double-hung sash windows with transoms above set in a pair of doubles on the east and two groups of three on either side of the entryway rising from a brownstone belt course at sill level.</p><br>
<p>Foliation similar to the archway also girdles the lower section of the turret, which begins to rise in brownstone below the cornice that divides brick and stone. Above it on the east facade is a plain brownstone frieze with "Young Men&#39;s Christian Association" carved into it. The third floor has three individual one-over-one rectangular windows on the east, a triple window on the turret, two double windows in slightly recessed round-arched bays on the south face, their sills part of another belt course, and then two unrecessed double windows. The east end has one narrow window and then two more double windows.</p><br>
<p>The fourth floor&#39;s east facade has a recessed quintuple window with stone mullions and foliate carvings, followed by another triple window on the turret. The two windows at the top of the recessed bays have stone segmental arches. The next two windows are similar to those below them except not as tall. Two narrow windows separate them from a triple window with semicircular arch at the west end.</p><br>
<p>A molded stone cornice sets off the uppermost story. It serves as the sill of four deeply recessed windows above it on the east facade. A common lintel is the springline for their segmented-arch tops. The top of the turret has seven narrow windows with transoms and panels atop, with a metal-trimmed cornice at its roofline. On the south the cornice continues, serving as the sill for two groups of three deeply recessed windows. Below the gable are three windows with the same treatment as those on the east, save for rough-cut stone in their arches. Between it and the similarly treated west gable are a triple and double similar to the ones at the east corner. The lower west gable&#39;s window uses the cornice as its sill.</p><br>
<p>The attic level of the east gable and the central gable on the south have a small triple window with smooth-faced stone segmental arch and transom. The roof is marked by a wide overhanging eave and cornice between the gables and a thin cornice of metal-trimmed stone on them. The two dormers piercing the roof on either side of the central gable have hipped roofs.</p><br>
<p>To the north, the building at 64 Pearl was annexed to the YMCA. It had been expanded for commercial use from an earlier structure six years earlier. Its five stories are faced in gauged decorative brickwork with segmental-arched keystoned window surrounds of rough-cut stone. The flat roof has a bracketed cornice trimmed in stamped metal. To the west of the main block is a six-story addition with an entrance at the northwest corner. It and the double windows are trimmed in rough-cut stone, and its flat roof has a metal cornice.</p><br>
<p>Inside there have been many alterations and modifications over the years, as well as fire and water damage, and much original finish has been lost, particularly in the annexed building at 64 Pearl. The main block has its original south stairwell and first-floor door and window surrounds, and a main parlor fireplace with a large ogee-shaped mantel. The basement swimming pool has its original arcade, and the original gymnasium occupies most of the lower floors. On the upper floors are many original dormitory rooms.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1857, six years after the national YMCA&#39;s founding, a local organization was established in Albany. It used other properties for its programming until James Jermain donated $50,000 ($ in modern dollars) to go toward the construction of a new building. After a matching amount was raised through subscriptions from the public, the lot and neighboring building were purchased.</p><br>
<p>Local architects Fuller & Wheeler collaborated on a Romanesque Revival design that has been seen as exemplifying that style as applied to a densely developed urban site. When finished in 1886, it had one of the first indoor swimming pools in the country and the first gymnasium in upstate New York. Two years later, it was formally dedicated and began growing into a major civic organization. In 1892, it was home to an important event in the history of basketball: the sport&#39;s first game played away from Springfield College in Massachusetts, where it had been invented in 1890 by James Naismith.</p><br>
<p>The Sevier Desert is a large arid section of central-west Utah, United States, and is located in the southeast of the Great Basin. It is bordered by deserts north, west, and south; its east border is along the mountain range and valley sequences at the perimeter of the Great Basin, with the large north-south Wasatch Range and its associated mountainous landforms. Its eastern border is specifically, the East Tintic, Gilson, and Canyon Mountains; also the massive Pavant Range.</p><br>
<p>The Sevier Desert contains the course of the Sevier River in a circuitous manner. It flows to Sevier Lake in the extreme southwest Sevier Desert. The Sevier River enters the east desert flowing west, immediately turning southwest, then west, to enter the north of Sevier Lake, which is mostly south-southwest trending.</p><br>
<p>The southeast section of the desert contains the Black Rock Desert volcanic field, with the notable Pavant Butte, a formation from the time of Lake Bonneville. The volcanic field region is west of an agricultural four-city region from McCornick to Fillmore.</p><br>
<p>The Little Sahara National Recreation Area is located in the northeast of the desert.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The desert is about 105-mi (169 km) long north-south, and about 60-mi (97 km) wide. The desert covers a large section of the central-north Sevier River drainage (11,574 square miles), and much of the east half of Millard County (6,828 square miles). The Sevier Desert is named for the river, which is derived from "Rio Severo" (wild river), a local name given by early Spanish explorers.</p><br>
<p>In the north and northwest, the desert is composed of small mountain ranges, a few valleys, flatlands, and borders the south-southeast of the Great Salt Lake Desert. The Dugway Range and Dugway Valley on the Great Salt Lake Desert&#39;s perimeter, borders the Thomas Range, southeast. The Thomas Range and Drum Mountains lie due west of the Little Sahara Recreation Site. A large dissected flatland lies between drained southwesterly by Cherry Creek Wash. The region contains intermittent reservoirs, Hogback, Crater Bench, and Desert Mountain Reservoir. Also various springs, or wells. It is also the site of Fumarole Butte, 5,278 ft, about 10 mi east of the Drum Mountains.</p><br>
<h3>Geographical layout</h3><br>
<p>The west perimeter of the Sevier Desert has mostly a north-south border because of the House Range. The south desert perimeter is mostly east-west because the mountains on the south separate the Sevier from the Escalante Desert, an approximate triangle-shaped desert enclosed amongst mountain ranges, and the Escalante and Cedar Valleys. The east of the Sevier Desert contains the communities lying at the foothills of the mountain ranges. The Black Rock Desert volcanic field is located west of the cities. Pavant Valley lies at the west of the Pavant Range, and west of the Canyon Mountains lies the Oak Creek Sinks adjacent east of the Sevier River, and west of Oak City.</p><br>
<p>The northeast perimeter of the desert lies at the southwest foothills of the East Tintic Mountains, noted for its mining. Tintic Valley, a small valley between the West Tintic Mountains feeds southwesterly into the Sevier Desert. Adjacent west of the West Tintics, lie two additional bordering mountain ranges, the southwest flank of the Sheeprock Mountains and the small, circular Simpson Mountains west.</p><br>
<p>In the west and southwest, west of the House Range, is the Ferguson Desert; the Confusion Range and Tule Valley lie between the House Range and the Ferguson Desert.</p><br>
<h2>List of cities and landforms</h2><br>
<p>The following is a list of communities or landforms associated with the north, south, east and west desert perimeters (approximate to mountain foothills, valleys, etc.).</p><br>
<p>West desert perimeter</p><br>
<p>Table Knoll</p><br>
<p>Robbers Roost Canyon</p><br>
<p>Kells Knolls</p><br>
<p>Skull Rock</p><br>
<p>Steamboat Mountain, Black Hills (Millard County)</p><br>
<p>East desert perimeter</p><br>
<p>Jericho</p><br>
<p>Leamington</p><br>
<p>Oak City</p><br>
<p>McCornick</p><br>
<p>Holden</p><br>
<p>Kanosh</p><br>
<p>Cove Fort</p><br>
<p>North desert perimeter</p><br>
<p>Keg Mountain</p><br>
<p>Allison Knolls</p><br>
<p>South desert perimeter</p><br>
<p>Red Rock Knoll</p><br>
<p>Pinnacle Pass</p><br>
<h2>Route access</h2><br>
<p>Interstate 15 transits the southeast perimeter of the desert along mountain foothills. Utah State Route 257 transits north, then northeast through the center-east desert, from Black Rock, Utah to Oasis. USA 6 continues northeast from Oasis to Jericho and McIntyre, at the northeast perimeter of the desert. USA 6 is also the access route to the Little Sahara Recreation Area in the northeast.</p><br>
<p>Aiguille de Scolette  or Pierre Menue  is a mountain of Savoie  and of the province of Turin . It lies in the Cottian Alps and has an elevation of 3,506 metres above sea level.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The mountain is the highest peak of Cottian Alps outside the Monviso area.</p><br>
<p>In the French subdivision of Western Alps it belongs to the Massif du Mont-Cenis.</p><br>
<p>Administratively the mountain is divided between the commune of Avrieux (F - north-west and north-east faces) and the comune of Bardonecchia (I - southern face).</p><br>
<p>On its Italian side at 1,979 metres above sea level stands the artificial lake of Rochemolles while on the French side is situated the small lake of Scolette (2686 metres).</p><br>
<h2>Access to the summit</h2><br>
<p>The easiest route for the summit starts from the Col de Pelouse, which connects Avrieux and Bardonecchia, and follows the SW ridge and then the NW face of the mountain.</p><br>
<p>The Union Passenger Station in Tacoma, Washington, USA, opened in 1911. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974. It currently serves as a courthouse of the United States District Court for the Western District of Washington. The distinctive architecture, dominated by a copper dome, is a landmark for the area.</p><br>
<h2>Building history</h2><br>
<p>Tacoma&#39;s reputation as the "City of Destiny" began when it was chosen by the Northern Pacific Company in 1873 as the western terminus of the northern route of the transcontinental railroad, then under construction. The city became a center for industrial and commercial development. Its economy expanded rapidly over the next two decades, and its population skyrocketed from just under 2,000 in 1873 to 37,714 in 1890.</p><br>
<p>The citys first rail station was built in 1883, then moved to the site of the present Union Station on Pacific Avenue and enlarged in 1892. In 1906 the architectural firm of Reed and Stem was selected to design a new station more befitting Tacomas image as a prosperous, thriving metropolis and railway terminus of the Northwest.</p><br>
<p>Construction of Union Station began in 1909 and was completed on May 1, 1911. Acclaim for Reed and Stem&#39;s design was immediate. The Tacoma Daily Ledger praised it as "the largest, the most modern and in all ways the most beautiful and best equipped passenger station in the Pacific Northwest".</p><br>
<p>Despite optimistic forecasts by the railroad companies early in the century, the future would not be kind to the passenger rail industry. Railway rider ship peaked in the 1930s and again during World War II, then quickly declined as the automobile became America&#39;s preferred mode of transportation. In 1971 national passenger rail service merged into Amtrak. The Tacoma offices relocated to Seattle and Amtrak built a new Tacoma station near Freighthouse Square. The last passenger train left Union Station on June 14, 1984, and the abandoned building soon fell into disrepair.</p><br>
<p>In 1987 Congress authorized the USA General Services Administration (GSA) to lease Union Station for thirty-five years to provide space for the United States District Court for the Western District of Washington. After three years of work, the historic building was completely renovated and restored, and a three-story addition was constructed. The federal courts began occupancy in 1992. The courthouse at Union Station is a highly successful adaptive use of a Tacoma landmark.</p><br>
<p>Today, though it no longer serves its original function, Union Station is once again a source of pride to the people of Tacoma. A much smaller light rail station is named after Union Station and serves commuters for free as part of Tacoma Link.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>Tacoma Union Station is an example of Beaux-Arts architecture that combines awe-inspiring elegance with spatial efficiency. The architects Reed and Stem were already well known in the field of railroad station design, particularly for their organization of space and movement. At the same time Union Station was under construction, they were collaborating with two other architects to design a world-renowned Beaux-Arts masterpiece—New York City&#39;s Grand Central Terminal (1903–1913).</p><br>
<p>The building&#39;s focal point is its ninety-foot-high central dome, which stands out in the Tacoma skyline and has become one of the enduring emblems of the city. Clad in gleaming copper and adorned with four large cartouches, the dome rests on a central pavilion with large arched openings on each side. Flat-roofed symmetrical wings flank the pavilion to the north and south. The exterior of the reinforced-concrete building is faced with multicolored red brick set in a Flemish-bond pattern, with limestone base and ornamental detail. The entrance doors, of stained oak with bronze hardware, are recessed within the arch on the west elevation. A large window fills the arch above the doors.</p><br>
<p>The dome creates an impressive rotunda in the buildings interior, which is visited by up to 300 people a day during the summer season. Shortly after the buildings completion in 1911, the dome&#39;s skylight began to leak, causing serious problems during the heavy rains regularly experienced in the Northwest. The skylight was eventually covered over, but the leakage—and the structural and cosmetic damage it caused—continued, growing more severe in the decades that followed. Concerns over falling plaster ultimately prompted officials to close the rotunda to the public in the early 1980s. It remained closed until the building was renovated in the early 1990s for its new use as a federal courthouse. At that time, 40,000 pounds of new copper were brought in to re-cover the dome; holes in its plaster interior, as large as eight feet square in size, were painstakingly repaired, and the skylight was reopened.</p><br>
<p>Today, natural light once again streams into the rotunda, which houses a stunning collection of glass art by renowned Tacoma artist Dale Chihuly. Suspended from the center of the domed ceiling is one of Chihuly&#39;s most breathtaking pieces, a 20-foot blue chandelier consisting of over 2,700 cobalt-colored, balloon-like glass globes. The rotunda also retains several historically significant features, including a large clock, marble water fountains, and wooden benches.</p><br>
<p>Other features of the original design were a pneumatic tube system and elevators installed between the rotunda and the baggage room so that a traveler&#39;s luggage would be delivered to the lobby via early 20th century automation.</p><br>
<p>Most of the railroad tracks and platforms and part of the original concourse were removed during the rehabilitation for the federal courts. A simple, three-story addition, designed by Tacoma architects Merrit+Pardini in collaboration with TRA Architects of Seattle was completed in 1992. The sympathetic addition is located to the north and east of the original building. The two buildings are separated by a courtyard but linked by an interior connector, which extends from the east side of the rotunda.</p><br>
<p>Ten courtrooms were needed for the federal courts. Two were created within the north and south wings of the 1911 building, while the addition provided eight more. All the courtrooms offer state-of-the-art technology, and are designed so that each can be used, inter-changeably, for District, Bankruptcy, or Magistrate proceedings.</p><br>
<p>Union Station was listed in the National Register of Historic Places in 1974. Six years later, a seven-block area surrounding the station, known as the Union Station Warehouse District, was added to the National Register. The renovation and the addition have received several preservation awards.</p><br>
<h2>Timeline</h2><br>
<p>1883: Tacoma&#39;s first rail station is built.</p><br>
<p>1892: As railroad use increases, the station is moved to the Pacific Avenue site, and enlarged.</p><br>
<p>1909–1911: Union Station is constructed on the site of the 1892 station.</p><br>
<p>1940s–1960s: As the automobile becomes increasingly popular, the passenger rail industry begins a prolonged decline.</p><br>
<p>1974: Union Station is listed in the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>1980: The seven-block area surrounding Union Station is designated a historic district and listed in the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>1984: The last passenger train departs from Union Station and the building is abandoned.</p><br>
<p>1987: The USA General Services Administration, with Congressional authorization, arranges a 35-year lease of the building from the city of Tacoma.</p><br>
<p>1990–1992: Union Station is rehabilitated and converted for use as a courthouse. An addition provides more space for use by the courts.</p><br>
<p>2003: The Union Station/South 19th Street station opens on Tacoma Link, restoring rail service to the building&#39;s location.</p><br>
<h2>Building facts</h2><br>
<p>Architects: Reed and Stem</p><br>
<p>Renovation and Restoration: Merritt+Pardini in association with TRA (The Richardson Associates)</p><br>
<p>Courthouse Addition: Merritt+Pardini and Bassetti Norton Metler Rekevics</p><br>
<p>Construction Dates: 1909-1911; Courthouse addition: 1992</p><br>
<p>Landmark Status: Listed in the National Register of Historic Places; contributing building in the Union Depot-Warehouse Historic District</p><br>
<p>Location: 1717 Pacific Avenue</p><br>
<p>Architectural Style: Beaux-Arts</p><br>
<p>Primary Materials: Brick and concrete with copper roof and limestone trim</p><br>
<p>Prominent Features: Ninety-foot copper dome and interior rotunda; Glass art displays by Tacoma native Dale Chihuly</p><br>
<p>The USA Post Office and Courthouse–Alexandria, located in Alexandria, Louisiana, was built in 1932, pursuant to the Public Buildings Act of 1926. Also known as Alexandria Federal Building, it is an Art Deco, Moderne architecture building. It served historically as a post office, as a courthouse, and as a government office building. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2000.</p><br>
<p>The building was designed by Shreveport architect Edward F. Neild.</p><br>
<h2>Architectural description</h2><br>
<p>The courthouse is located in the Central Business District of Alexandria. The federal building is an Art Deco styled, limestone structure with a massive central pavilion resembling a raised temple, and lower projecting wings at each end, topped by a recessed penthouse. Vertical reeded pilasters separate vertical window bays of paired two over two windows. The "raised temple" effect of the second and third floors rests atop a limestone base punctuated by smaller window openings. A massive central doorway is flanked by two smaller door openings. The walls are light buff limestone and rest on a pearl white granite base. The main elevation faces northwest. Each corner of the building (at the projecting wings) begins with square corners and then exhibits gradual chamfering to the roof corner of the wing. The chamfer effect appears to give the building a more massive look at ground level and a more delicate look at the roof line.</p><br>
<p>The first floor and mezzanine are simply detailed; the majority of the ornamentation is concentrated on the second and third floors. All first floor windows have a verde green marble spandrel ornamented by cast metal rod motif at either side. The main entry to the building is at the center of the northwest elevation. There are broad granite steps and cheek walls which lead to the entries. The cheek walls are ornamented with horizontal incised scoring at the top and an unusual Art Deco style light standard rests atop each cheek wall. The standard has a bronze shaft trimmed at each corner with aluminum. Four concentric aluminum circles form a "cage" for the cylinder itself at the apex of the shaft.</p><br>
<p>The three main entry doors are set within a stepped-back limestone surround. The large main door is a double door set in the center of the elevation, and smaller single entry doors flank the main one. There are ornamental cast bronze grilles above wave-like lintels atop the doors. The central grille depicts the stage coach, steam ship and mail train. The single doors depict mail delivery by packet boat and airplane. Above each single entry door is a carved, recessed limestone plaque with the American eagle motif.</p><br>
<p>The central pavilion of the building is divided into nine bays at the second and third floors. The two bays at either end are framed by unembellished pilasters. The remaining portion of the central pavilion is divided into seven bays by six reeded engaged pilasters. A limestone entablature runs along the perimeter of the building above the third floor. The entablature is enriched by incised octagonal plaques above each reeded pilaster on the northwest elevation and above each bay of windows on the northeast and southwest elevations. The plaques have an octagon at the center from which radiate reeded spokes at the four primary sides. This motif is compatible with the door detail of the lobby. The third floor plaque at each corner of the building is flanked by a decorative stand of three incised rods. Second and third floor windows are separated vertically by a cast bronze spandrel panel embellished with the same motif as the incised plaques. The simple cornice is ornamented by a fluted band spanning the perimeter of the building above the third floor. The projecting wings have slightly different embellishment. The corner window lintels feature a recessed block with a carved sunburst motif.</p><br>
<p>The northeast and southwest elevations are not as ornate but maintain some of detail of the northwest elevation. The central facade of the northeast and southwest elevations is divided into three window bays. At the second floor these windows feature a set-back lintel with reeded trim. The center of the lintel features the octagon and spoke motif as on the northwest elevation. The cornice of the projecting wings is fluted. There is limestone cresting in the wave motif over the projecting central bay. The decorative cornice at the third floor is fluted.</p><br>
<p>The southeast (rear) elevation is utilitarian in nature. The former loading dock is at the center of the elevation at the first floor. It is clad with limestone and has a steel marquee. A contemporary fire stair sits at the south corner. All first floor windows have verde green marble spandrels. The second and third floor windows at the south end of the elevation exhibit the same spandrel panels as on the northwest (main) elevation. Five bays of windows in the center of the elevation at the second and third floors mark the position of the original courtroom.</p><br>
<p>The main lobby and monumental stair are character-defining original features of the building. The lobby has full-height marble paneling, terrazzo floors, a plaster panel ceiling, some original doors, and original light fixtures. The staircase is curved marble with aluminum rails. The stair turns around a marble column ornamented by concentric aluminum strips at the center between the first and second floors. The lobby is currently dominated by a concession stand.</p><br>
<p>The remainder of the interior of the building (including the courtroom) has been remodeled and little original material remains.</p><br>
<p>Pickwick Mill is a historic gristmill in the unincorporated community of Pickwick, Minnesota, United States, near the city of Winona. It was constructed in the mid-1850s and is now operated as a milling museum. Pickwick Mill was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1970 for having state-level significance in the themes of agriculture, architecture, and industry. It was nominated for being one of southeast Minnesota&#39;s oldest surviving water-powered mills, serving as a key local industry in its day and a Winona County landmark to the present.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The six-story building was constructed from local limestone with a nail-less timber frame and a pitched roof. In 1907 a tornado ripped up the roof and top story, which the operators replaced with a flat plank roof. A more classically accurate pitched roof was restored in recent years. The mill is powered by a 20 ft water wheel. Most of the mill&#39;s original machinery is still intact and operable.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Pickwick Mill was built on the banks of Big Trout Creek by Thomas Grant and Wilson Davis. The mills official website says it was constructed 1856–58, The propertys National Register nomination says it was built in 1854 as a grist- and lumber mill and converted to flour production in 1856.</p><br>
<p>Pickwick Mill is one of the largest mills in Minnesota and was one of the first community businesses in the state. During the American Civil War the mill ran non-stop, churning out 100 barrels of flour a day for the Union Army.</p><br>
<h2>Historic attraction</h2><br>
<p>Pickwick Mill is now managed by Pickwick Mill Inc., a non-profit organization largely funded by grants. It is open for tours from May to October.</p><br>
<p>The Bear Valley Grange Hall is a historic meeting hall in Chester Township, Minnesota, United States. It was built in 1874 for the exclusive use of a local chapter of the National Grange of the Order of Patrons of Husbandry, an early farmers&#39; advocacy group and fraternal organization. The chapter folded in the 1880s and the building has been used since as the Chester Town Hall. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1989 for having local significance in the theme of social history. It was nominated for being the only surviving Grange hall in Wabasha County—and one of only a few in Minnesota—and a rare example of a purpose-built Grange hall, as most chapters met in existing spaces like schools.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Bear Valley Grange Hall is a one-story wood frame building on a limestone rubble foundation, measuring 40 by. The narrow ends are gabled and contain the front and rear exits. This front-gabled form of vernacular architecture was used widely in the American Midwest for churches, commercial buildings, meeting halls, and schools. The front door, on the hall&#39;s north end, is centered and flanked by two windows with large wood shutters. There are four similar windows on both of the side walls. The windows and doors are topped by lightly peaked lintel trim with rain caps. There are no decorative elements otherwise. The building is sided with clapboard and consists of a single room.</p><br>
<p>The hall stands on a slight rise amid agricultural land. The nearest city is Zumbro Falls.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Order of Patrons of Husbandry was founded by Minnesotan Oliver Hudson Kelley in 1868 as the first national advocacy group for farmers. Envoys spread out across the United States helping local chapters, called "subordinate granges", to organize. Grange official T.A. Thompson of Plainview, Minnesota, arrived in Wabasha County in 1870 for this purpose. With his assistance Bear Valley was one of the first six subordinate granges in the county and the 50th statewide. The Bear Valley Grange built this hall for themselves in 1874. The selected site was on land owned by a farmer named C. M. Boutelle, adjacent to the principal local road, which ran from Lake City to Mazeppa. Of the 18 subordinate granges active in Wabasha County that year, only one other had its own meeting hall.</p><br>
<p>The rapid growth of the Grange, as it came to be known, was prompted by the massive changes in agricultural life after the American Civil War. Mechanized implements and more complex practises were being promoted, the rural population was booming, and railroad access linked farmers directly to eastern markets. Farmers previously engaged in subsistence agriculture were suddenly part of a vast, national economic network about which they had little knowledge or control. The Grange promised economic, educational, and social advancement for farmers, with opportunities to learn the latest scientific techniques, form agricultural cooperatives, and push for regulation of the railroads. The Grange also had a strong recreational component; rural communities had been lacking in social outlets aside from religious groups. Chapters hosted numerous lectures, potluck suppers, and other gatherings. Grange membership, open to any men and women involved in agriculture, numbered some 750,000 nationwide by 1876.</p><br>
<p>The initial heyday of the Grange was short-lived, however. Due to over-enthusiasm and poor judgment, several organizational efforts in Minnesota failed, and membership quickly declined. The Bear Valley Grange had been one of Wabasha County&#39;s largest, with over 100 members, but it dissolved in the 1880s. The hall was repurposed as a town hall for Chester Township, an ongoing use which led to the preservation of the building.</p><br>
<p>The Arbor Hill Historic District–Ten Broeck Triangle is located within the Arbor Hill neighborhood of Albany, New York, United States. It is a seven-block area north of downtown. In 1979 its current eastern section, the Ten Broeck Triangle, the second oldest residential neighborhood in the city, was recognized as a historic district and listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Four years later, it was increased to its current size.</p><br>
<p>The future district was first established by its oldest contributing property, the Ten Broeck Mansion, built at the end of the 18th century by a prominent local family. It lent its name to the Ten Broeck Triangle, established in the middle of the following century when successful businessmen, primarily lumber dealers, built large houses along Ten Broeck Avenue with the fortunes they had made from trade on the Erie Canal. It was one of the first neighborhoods to develop north of the city&#39;s downtown as it grew during the 19th century.</p><br>
<p>Its fortunes began to slip as the city expanded westward, to new neighborhoods like Washington Park which attracted the city&#39;s affluent. As the 20th century began, it gradually became a more middle-class neighborhood, then, after the Great Migration, predominantly African American. As an effective racial ghetto, the neighborhood and its historic buildings suffered the effects of disinvestment and decline. The designation of the historic district, and other efforts by preservationists later in the century, have helped reverse that trend, though not completely.</p><br>
<p>Over 200 buildings are listed as contributing properties. Most were built between the 1840s and 1870s. They are a mix of rowhouses and detached houses. The largest and oldest, the Ten Broeck Mansion, is also the only property in the district listed on the Register individually. It also includes two churches, reflecting a later popularity with immigrants, including St. Joseph&#39;s Church.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The district occupies the southeastern portion of Albanys Arbor Hill neighborhood. Its southern corner is Sweet Pilgrim Baptist Church at the junction of Ten Broeck Street and Clinton Avenue, part of USA Route 9, a block west of the Palace Theatre and across from Albanys Family Court building. The district boundary, also the western boundary of the Broadway portion of the Clinton Avenue Historic District follows the rear lot lines of all the houses on the east side of the street, past St. Josephs Church and Van Rensselaer Park north to Livingston Avenue. There the Ten Broeck Mansion which gives its name to the Ten Broeck Triangle, the eastern third of the district, occupies a large parcel at the intersections southwest corner.</p><br>
<p>The boundary then turns northwest along the south side of Livingston and follows it to North Swan Street, which it turns to follow south. A hundred feet (30 m) south of the intersection, it takes in the properties on the west side and continues to do so for the next three blocks. These include Bethany Baptist Church, St. Joseph&#39;s Youth Center and some commercial properties along the adjacent blocks next to them and the public basketball courts at the Second Street intersection.</p><br>
<p>Midway between First Street and Clinton the boundary turns southeast to follow the rear property line of the lots on first, again the boundary with the Clinton Avenue Historic District. This line becomes Ludlow Alley shortly before North Hawk Street. After a short southward jog to take in the two properties on that street north of Clinton, it returns to the alley and follows it back to Clinton at Ten Broeck.</p><br>
<p>The irregular quadrilateral within this boundary includes six large blocks covering 34 acre. In addition to the streets already named the entirety of St. Joseph&#39;s Terrace and Hall Place are within the district. It has 220 contributing resources, with only two non-contributing modern properties. One hundred of those properties are houses, primarily two- to three-story wood frame or brick structures built between the 1820s and the early 20th century. The remainder are either small commercial buildings, institutional structures such as the three churches in the district.</p><br>
<p>Open space within the district include a few vacant lots and parking lots. Most are planned however, such as Van Rensselaer Park, the neighboring space around the church known as St. Josephs park, and the large parcel at the districts northeast corner where the Ten Broeck Mansion and its gardens (and formerly carriage house) are located. Mature trees are abundant throughout. now the neighborhood of Sheridan Hollow, which separates Arbor Hill and the district from downtown Albany.</p><br>
<p>To the north of the district are newer housing projects built during the urban renewal projects of the 1960s and 1970s. On the west of North Swan are similar neighborhoods but with newer, less coherent architecture (One building near the district, the Stephen and Harriet Myers House, is listed on the Register). The Clinton Avenue Historic District on the south includes the city&#39;s densest concentration of 19th-century rowhouses, mostly brick. To the east, downhill to North Pearl Street (New York State Route 32), are neighborhoods of mixed older and newer buildings and vacant lots closer to the Hudson River.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The district has passed through several distinct historical periods. For a long time after Albany was established as a city, it remained undeveloped and outside city limits, a place where it might expand in the future. When it was developed, after independence, that was limited.</p><br>
<p>After the Erie Canal was built the pace of that increased, although it took the removal of a cemetery to make that happen. Most of the current stock of buildings date to the mid- and late 19th century when the district was one of Albanys most desirable addresses. Later, as the affluent moved to the suburbs in the early 20th century, it became more dense, and in the 1920s grew identified with the citys growing African-American population.</p><br>
<p>Due to that racial stigma, the neighborhood declined in status over the course of the 20th century. That trend began to reverse with the formation of community organizations in the 1970s and serious efforts at historic preservation. Those efforts are continuing today.</p><br>
<h3>1686–1796: Prehistory</h3><br>
<p>The settlement that became Albany was established by the Dutch in the early 17th century as Fort Orange. The development around it was known first as Wiltwyck, becoming Albany when the English assumed control of New Netherland in 1667. It formally became a city with the grant of the Dongan Charter in 1686. Then, and for many years after, it was confined to the fort and the area around it enclosed by a stockade, corresponding roughly to its present downtown. The prominent ridge beyond Sheridan Hollow to the north was first called Arbor Hill during that time.</p><br>
<p>This reflected the threat that still existed to the frontier town from the French. It ended with the 1763 defeat of New France in the French and Indian War. The next year, Stephen van Rensselaer II, the patroon of his family&#39;s lands to the north of the city in what was then the town of Watervliet, including the future district, began having them surveyed. As the city could now safely expand, he had streets and building lots laid out in what came to be called Colonie, largely along the lines they were actually built. He designated the land that is now the park named after his family to be the burying ground for inhabitants of his Rensselaerwyck manor.</p><br>
<h3>1797–1844: Early development</h3><br>
<p>Development was delayed because of the Revolutionary War, but by late in the 18th century some houses had been built in the area. Foremost among them was what is now known as the Ten Broeck Mansion, built by another landed descendant of Dutch settlers, Abraham Ten Broeck,</p><br>
<p>Ten Broeck named the mansion Prospect due to the commanding view it offered of the Hudson and its river traffic (some other accounts suggest he called it Arbor Hill from the beginning). He lived there until his death in 1810; Elizabeth survived him by three years. By that point a few other houses had likely been built nearby, but not enough to constitute a neighborhood, even after Colonie was annexed by the city in 1815. The mansion was sold to new owners who, over the next three decades, refurbished and expanded it with elements of the similar Greek Revival architectural style.</p><br>
<p>The northward expansion of the city envisioned by the elder van Rensselaer finally came to pass after 1825, when the Erie Canal was opened. Many new arrivals to the city, drawn by the canal and its economic opportunities, needed places to live and work. They looked north, along Broadway and North Pearl. Some found the mansion neighborhood and the blocks to its west to their liking, enough that city directories of the period show a few residents and businessmen listing "Arbor Hill" as their address. During the 1830s, they built some of the first houses in the district after the mansion. A few from this period, such as 10 Ten Broeck Place and 31 Second Street, survive. Similarly, the mixed-use Greek Revival buildings around the intersection of Second and South Swan were built in the early 1840s.</p><br>
<h3>1845–1899: Intensive development</h3><br>
<p>Intensive development of the neighborhood was the result of a change made to it in 1845. The soil of the Rensselaerwyck cemetery was particularly sandy and loose. Since it sat on a slope above the streets below it, heavy rains would often wash away markers and expose the underlying coffins and remains. By the early 1840s, there were many calls to move the bodies elsewhere. One of the most vocal advocates for such a move, Joseph Hall, a gardener who lived on the section of Third now known as Ten Broeck Place, had Hall Street named for him when it was opened in 1849, four years after the cemetery was moved.</p><br>
<p>While the former burying ground site was made into a park instead of being built on, construction on other parcels increased. The year the burying ground was moved, 41 Ten Broeck Street, the earliest dated house on that street after the mansion, was erected. The brick rowhouses at 15–23 and 35–39 Ten Broeck followed as well. In 1848, the neighborhood regained some of its original prestige when Thomas Worth Olcott, a prominent banker, bought the Ten Broeck Mansion and formally renamed it Arbor Hill. He and his family expanded it over the next several years. The King Building, an elaborate Greek Revival duplex, was built over four years in the 1850s at 27–29 North Swan in front of the archway that provided access to the mansion&#39;s grounds on the rear.</p><br>
<p>In the blocks to the west, newer clusters such as 53, 55 and 57 First Street joined the scattered houses that already existed. At 23 and 25 Second Street, two brick houses were built in the late 1840s. These show a common architectural transition for that era, with their basic Greek Revival forms being overlaid with Italianate and Gothic Revival ornament.</p><br>
<p>The Italianate style would become dominant in the 1850s, when a third of the hundred houses in the Ten Broeck Triangle, the eastern portion of the district. North Hawk and Hall streets were built almost completely during this period. The rowhouses from 2–38 First Street went up between 1854 and 1862.</p><br>
<p>In 1855 St. Joseph&#39;s Church was built on Ten Broeck between First and Second to serve the growing Irish immigrant population, which generally did not live in the district but near it, close to their jobs along the riverfront. It was designed by Brooklyn architect Patrick Keely, himself an Irish immigrant, who had previously designed the Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception on Eagle Street downtown, opposite the state capitol.</p><br>
<p>By 1870, much of the district had been developed. The lavish houses in particular that lined Ten Broeck Street gave it the popular name of "Millionaire&#39;s Row." Many had been built by lumber merchants and overlooked the Lumber District, the yards down by the canal and river where they did their business. Another church, Sweet Pilgrim Baptist, was constructed in 1876 at the Clinton Avenue intersection, giving the district a distinctive southern gateway. At the north corner, the polygonal home at 105 Ten Broeck featured an iron mansard roof, a hallmark of the contemporary Second Empire style. Some of the existing houses, such as 8 Hall Place, also had mansard roofs added when they were expanded with third stories.</p><br>
<p>There was enough demand for housing in the Ten Broeck Triangle that a new street was added in the ensuing decade. St. Josephs Terrace was laid out in 1881 and formally subdivided for building ten years later. The houses built there in the 1890s were similar in form to those that had been built in the previous decades, reflecting the areas continuing status as a desirable neighborhood to live in, It was home to Michael N. Nolan, an Irish immigrant who served as mayor and later, a member of the USA House of Representatives.</p><br>
<p>Architecturally, however, the new construction largely reflected the contemporary trends. There were still a few late Italianate structures like 96 North Swan Street, built in 1885. But most new housing followed the Romanesque Revival of the late 19th century. The brick rectory with stone trim built by St. Josephs in 1892 at 14 St. Josephs Terrace is the districts most prominent example. At 51 and 51½ First, a pair of brick houses built in 1885, the intricate detailing includes terra cotta and stained glass windows. The Romanesque houses at 67 Ten Broeck Street and 3 and 5 St. Josephs Terrace are clad in the style&#39;s more frequently used rusticated brownstone.</p><br>
<h3>1900–1914: Increasing density</h3><br>
<p>In the new century, the neighborhoods growth slowed down as it was nearly built out. A few new houses were built, mostly architecturally sympathetic to their surroundings but experimenting slightly with their materials, such as local architect William Lee Woolletts brick houses with marble trim at 43 and 45 Ten Broeck Street in 1900. At 66 First Street another brick and stone house went up, meshing with its much older neighbors.</p><br>
<p>The affluent families that had lived in the Ten Broeck area began moving to the newer neighborhoods in the city&#39;s undeveloped western sections, which offered larger houses and larger lots in the newer suburban style of living. They rented the houses they left behind or sold them, with the result that many were subdivided into multiple units, making the Ten Broeck Triangle less exclusive than it had been for the previous 50 years.</p><br>
<p>This increase in density was reflected in the most significant construction of the 20th centurys first decade. St. Josephs had housed its school in various other buildings, but finally had to construct a dedicated building. The four-story brick edifice with stone trim completed in 1905 was the largest building in the western blocks of the future district. Back on Ten Broeck Street, the church itself got a new spire in 1910.</p><br>
<p>The trend toward increasing density culminated in the construction of two apartment buildings, at 7–8 and 9–10 St. Josephs Terrace, in 1914. Both brick with stone trim, one three stories and the other four, they were the first buildings in the neighborhood designed as multiple dwellings. Together with the nearby house at 3 St. Josephs, a one-story brick building with marble trim and a Spanish-style pantile roof, built that same year, they are the latest-built contributing properties to the district.</p><br>
<h3>1915–1974: Decline and disinvestment</h3><br>
<p>During the Great Migration of the 1920s, many of the African Americans who came north to Albany from the Southern states settled in Arbor Hill, an area that had been one of the first where their predecessors had settled in the city It came to be regarded as more desirable among newcomers than their other destination, the South End. Residents of that neighborhood often moved to Arbor Hill after they had made some money. African Americans displaced by the construction of what is now the State Department of Education Building in 1912 also resettled in Arbor Hill. As early as 1922 many of the city&#39;s prominent African-American institutions and organizations, such as churches and social clubs, were located in Arbor Hill. This growth led to the name being applied to the larger area it presently refers to,</p><br>
<p>In 1948 came the first suggestion that the neighborhood&#39;s future in the city lay with its own past. After a century of ownership, the descendants of James Olcott Worth formally transferred the Ten Broeck mansion from their family to the Albany County Historical Association. The ACHA began converting it into a historic house museum, a use that continues today.</p><br>
<p>The challenges the neighborhood faced in maintaining its historic properties were demonstrated later, in the 1960s. By that time the neighborhood, overwhelmingly African American, was considered one of the worst in Albany. Sweet Pilgrims distinctive spire was removed, leaving St. Josephs as the only church in the district with a presence in the skyline. Later in the decade, urban renewal efforts began to target Arbor Hill. The houses north of Livingston Avenue were demolished and replaced with the modern affordable housing that is there now. Similar projects targeted the blocks west of North Swan, leaving gaps and modern intrusions that also persist today.</p><br>
<h3>1975–present: Preservation and revitalization efforts</h3><br>
<p>In 1975 several residents of the Ten Broeck Triangle formed the Arbor Hill Concerned Citizens Association (AHCCA) to lobby the city for improvements in neighborhood services. Many of them lived in the surviving townhouses, which they had often restored themselves. They saw gentrification as the key to revitalizing the neighborhood, due to its proximity to downtown Albany and the growing service-sector jobs there. To further this goal, they worked with preservationists to have the triangle recognized as a historic district. That 13 acre area was duly listed on the Register in 1978 under that name.</p><br>
<p>The city&#39;s urban renewal agency helped to repopulate the area with three auctions of foreclosed houses on Ten Broeck Street during that period. Starting prices were between $5–10,000; winning bidders received a $70,000 grant and a $80,000 loan at 3% interest. Priority went to former residents of Arbor Hill, families, and those who demonstrated an eagerness to participate in the community. All had to have a sufficient credit history to justify the loan. The AHCCA assisted the city in identifying bidders who met those qualifications. While only half the houses sold under the program were actually rehabilitated, those that were successful enough that the program was considered a success.</p><br>
<p>Continuing historic surveys and inventories of the area found that the blocks between the Ten Broeck Triangle and North Swan also had many intact rowhouses from the same 19th century period with little modern intrusion, even if some of them were in a state of neglect and disrepair. That area also extended to St. Josephs School, part of the churchs complex. Accordingly, in 1984, the district was extended by 21 acre to its present size. In addition to almost tripling its area, it more than doubled the amount of contributing properties. The expanded district was renamed to reflect the area&#39;s wider scope and historic naming.</p><br>
<p>St. Josephs struggles in the late 20th century were emblematic of the district as a whole. After being among the many historic locations in Albany used by the producers of the 1987 film Ironweed to recreate the citys appearance during the Great Depression, tight finances forced the Diocese of Albany to sell it to a congregant who in turn rented it back to them. It did not prevent the church&#39;s outright closure in 1994, and two years later the diocese bought it back, and appointed a committee to seek alternative uses for it. By that point it needed extensive repairs estimated to cost at least $2 million. financial problems led to the church falling into neglect.</p><br>
<p>In 2000 it made the Historic Albany Foundations list of "Seven to Save" in the city, and then the New York State Preservation Leagues similar list for the state two years later. A plan to rehabilitate it for use as a nightclub fell through, and when the building itself was on the verge of collapse in the winter of 2001 the city had to shore it up and take possession under eminent domain. It was in turn deeded to Historic Albany, which was able to secure matching funds for the necessary work and continues to stage cultural events there to raise all the money for more complete restoration.</p><br>
<p>Historic Albany also helped partially preserve 41 Ten Broeck Street. In 2000, after ownership had reverted to Albany County following a foreclosure for unpaid property taxes, the county began to demolish the building. A court ordered the work stopped after finding that the county had not gained the proper approvals. It was eventually transferred to Historic Albany, which had brought the suit. Today only the facade remains, and Historic Albany is working to find a developer willing to restore it and rebuild the structure.</p><br>
<p>The AHCCA founded a separate group called the Arbor Hill Improvement Corporation in the early 1980s to address housing issues that the private developers of the area were not. It assists residents in applying for financing and restoration grants, sometimes partnering with similar organizations in other neighborhoods in applying for grants. Another community group, St. Joseph Housing Corporation, has renovated some old buildings into affordable housing.</p><br>
<p>By the 1990s the Ten Broeck Triangle had been almost completely restored and was home to a thriving community of young professionals and their families. However, the rest of the district, like the rest of Arbor Hill, had not been gentrified and continued to have the problems associated with poorer, predominantly minority urban neighborhoods. While there was tension between residents who continued to support those efforts and residents who felt the neighborhood should focus on improving lower-end housing, as the 20th century ended the latter efforts became more acceptable as it was clearer that gentrification could not spread beyond the triangle.</p><br>
<p>In 2002 local artist Yacob Williams painted the first of four murals in the Arbor Hill neighborhood on the house at the corner of North Swan and Livingston, a project intended to improve the quality of life in a high-crime area. He chose the design, "Mother Africa", from suggestions submitted by local youth, who also assisted on the painting. The project was cosponsored by the Ten Broeck Triangle Preservation League and the Social Capital Development Corporation.</p><br>
<h2>Significant contributing properties</h2><br>
<p>All but three of the 220 buildings in the district are contributing properties to its historic character. Of those 217, the vast majority are houses. One, the Ten Broeck Mansion, is individually listed on the Register as well. Some others have distinctive characteristics within the district.</p><br>
<h3>Houses</h3><br>
<p>2–38 First Street. This group of three-bay, three-story rowhouses, descending in steps along with its street, has been described as "one of the most aesthetically pleasing mid-19th century townscapes in Albany." Many have brownstone pedimented doorways. All were built in the late 1850s and early 1860s.</p><br>
<p>51 and 51½ First Street: These two brick houses were built in 1885 in the Romanesque Revival style, unique on the street. They feature classically-inspired terra cotta decoration such as a pediment and frieze and a corbeled cornice. The house at 51 has stained glass in some windows.</p><br>
<p>55 and 57 First Street. These houses, 55 in wood and 57 in brick, predate 1846, making them among the earliest on the street. Both have a basic Greek Revival form with later Italianate detail such as a cornice and architraves. While the front facade of 55 First is now clad with aluminum siding, 57 is largely intact, with a pedimented door hood and eyebrow windows.</p><br>
<p>65 and 67 First Street: These are another pair of wooden houses. Built in the late 1880s, their unusual decoration for the neighborhood includes a pedimented and arched entry with pilasters and a porch with curved brackets and an unusual railing. Modern asbestos siding has covered up the facade at 65, but 67 retains the original clapboard, unusual window casings and an iron fence across the front yard.</p><br>
<p>69 and 71 First Street: These two brick houses, built at the same time as their neighbors, share the same unusual design touches. They include porches with bracket-like members between posts and corbelling supporting a decorative cornice on the facade.</p><br>
<p>2–6 Hall Place: This row of brick houses with wooden latticework two-story porches dates to 1859. The house at 4 Hall is four stories; 5 and 6 Hall have mansard roofs pierced by dormer windows that were added in 1874 when the Second Empire style was popular.</p><br>
<p>86–90 North Hawk Street: These three attached brick houses are among the district&#39;s few Gothic Revival style homes. All have wide door and window enclosures topped by Tudor-style moldings and prominent stone water tables. They date to the late 1850s.</p><br>
<p>36 North Swan Street: This brick Italianate three-story commercial-residential building has a bracketed wooden latticework cornice. Its two-over-two sash glazed windows have iron hoods and sills. The storefront is done in Carrarra Glass. It was built in the late 1860s.</p><br>
<p>50 North Swan Street: This two-story wooden commercial-residential building dates to 1844, making it the oldest on the street and one of the few buildings in the western section of the district predating the removal of the Van Rensselaer Cemetery. It has a bracketed cornice above the storefront; the upper story has been reclad with aluminum siding.</p><br>
<p>43 and 53 North Swan Street: These two wooden two-story structures are the oldest largely intact mixed-use commercial/residential buildings in the district, dating to 1845. Both have their original clapboard siding on the second floor and a bracketed cornice. The building at 43 North Swan has six-over-six double-hing sash and eyebrow windows as well.</p><br>
<p>94 North Swan Street. Its facade long since covered in aluminum and permastone, this two-story wooden house from the late 1850s has a gable in the middle of its cornice, an unusual feature in the district.</p><br>
<p>12 and 14 Second Street: The two brick rowhouses here are typical of the Albany style of that building type. They have high exposed stone basements, stone stoops, tall windows, an iron hood on the door and an intricate bracketed cornice. They were built in the early 1870s.</p><br>
<p>20 Second Street: This two-story wooden house with a side gable is one of the few with that kind of roof in the district. A simple wood cornice is its only decorative touch; its facade is covered in aluminum. With its construction predating 1841, it is one of the earlier houses in the district.</p><br>
<p>23 and 25 Second Street: This pair of brick houses, built in the late 1840s, demonstrate the transition between the Greek Revival and Italianate styles. Their denticulated cornices, a hallmark of the former, are supported by the wooden brackets commonly associated with the latter. The houses are distinguished by a Gothic Revival railing around the areaway at 23 along with almost flush lintels and sills, in contrast to the door pediment and projecting sills of 25.</p><br>
<p>31 Second Street: Considered one of the best Greek Revival houses in the district, this wooden structure dates to the early 1840s. It has pilasters, flushboard siding, battered and shouldered window and door architraves and a cornice that suggests an entablature.</p><br>
<p>32 Second Street: Like the house across the street at 31 Second, this brick house exhibits less restraint in its Greek Revival stylings. Its decorative touches include columns in antis and a wood cornice. Its eyebrow windows have Greek key-patterned wooden screens. Its construction predates 1841.</p><br>
<p>44 Second Street: This two-story wooden house is one of the district&#39;s more idiosyncratic. Its one-over-one glazed windows are in a random arrangement; the second floor is splayed out in a bell curve. At the top is a bracketed cornice. It is believed to have been built in the 1840s, but that is not certain.</p><br>
<p>53 Second Street: The only residential-commercial building in the district not on North Swan, this brick structure in Flemish bond has classic Greek Revival features such as flat lintels, barely projecting sills, a denticulated cornice and a simple frieze. It was built around 1844.</p><br>
<p>3 St. Josephs Terrace: This one-story brick house is trimmed in marble and has a Spanish-style projecting pantile roof. Built in 1914, it is one of the last houses to be built during the districts period of significance.</p><br>
<p>4 and 5 St. Joseph&#39;s Terrace: These two Romanesque Revival two-story townhouses share similarities of form despite differing materials. Both have projecting semicircular second-story bays, arched doorways and segmental-arched first-story windows; however, 4 is yellow brick on a high brownstone foundation while 5 is made completely of rusticated brownstone. Much original decoration and finish remains on 4, including its original wooden doors, stained-glass transom in a first-floor window and dragon motif in the iron railing on the original steps. They were built in the mid-1890s.</p><br>
<p>10 Ten Broeck Place: This frame house clad in modern asbestos brick siding dates to the 1830s, making it the oldest surviving house in the district after the mansion. It has a Greek Revival entrance flanked by pilasters, shouldered trim on its six-by-six sash downstairs and eyebrow windows upstairs. Atop is a shallow hipped roof.</p><br>
<p>16 and 18 Ten Broeck Place: These two Italianate brick houses have prominent projecting sheet metal door and window hoods. At the roofline are bracketed cornices with porthole windows. They were built in the 1870s.</p><br>
<p>30 Ten Broeck Place: Another frame house predating the cemetery removal, this two-story building, now sided in aluminum, has six-over-six sash, Gothic Revival elements on its doorway and a bracketed cornice. Atop is a gabled roof. It is estimated to have been built about 1842.</p><br>
<p>41 Ten Broeck Street: This is a three-story, five-bay brick house with a brownstone Greek Revival entrance, stone lintels and a brick and wood cornice. Considered the first of the large mansion-style houses to be built on the street, it was built in 1845. Following an abortive demolition in 2000, only the facade remains.</p><br>
<p>43–45 Ten Broeck Street: These two rowhouses are two-story brick buildings trimmed in marble. They have asymmetric windows and arched doorways. Local architect William Lee Woollett, the first owner of record for 45, is believed to have designed and built them both around 1900.</p><br>
<p>49 Ten Broeck Street: This three-story brick house, built in 1859, has a prominent entrance portico with Ionic columns. It serves as the focal point for eastward views down Second Street.</p><br>
<p>51 Ten Broeck Street: This two-story brick house is the earliest dated house on the street, built in 1842 before the cemetery was moved. Its Italianate cornice was probably added later.</p><br>
<p>55 Ten Broeck Street: The two pilasters flanking the entrance of this two-story brick house are a feature common to other rowhouses of that era elsewhere in the city but not seen much otherwise in the Ten Broeck Triangle. They were built in the early 1860s.</p><br>
<p>57–59 Ten Broeck Street: These two late Italianate three-story rowhouses have unusual elongated proportions. Two brothers are believed to have built them around 1873.</p><br>
<p>93 Ten Broeck Street: This two-and-half-story brick Italianate house sits on a large lot for the neighborhood. It has intricate detailing, including bay windows, segmental arched lintels, ironwork and heavy brackets on the cornices. Side porches overlook what was once the garden on the south side. It is not known when, exactly, it was built.</p><br>
<p>105 Ten Broeck Street: This two-and-a-half-story brick house has a clipped corner, giving it an unusual polygonal shape fitting its location at the north end of the street. It is topped with an iron mansard roof, in keeping with its believed construction date of 1873.</p><br>
<h3>Other buildings</h3><br>
<p>King Building, 27–29 North Swan Street. This is a two-story brick Greek Revival duplex with six-over-six double-hung sash windows, flush lintels and near-flush sills, intricate cast iron door caps and a brick frieze. In the rear is an arch which was originally the rear entrance to the Ten Broeck Mansion. It dates to the 1850s.</p><br>
<p>St. Josephs Church, Ten Broeck Street. Irish American architect Patrick Keely designed this Gothic Revival church of bluestone with limestone trim for the growing Irish immigrant population in the northern neighborhoods of Albany. It was finished in 1860 and has served as the districts focal point ever since. The Roman Catholic Diocese of Albany stopped using it in 1994; since then there have been various efforts to restore it.</p><br>
<p>St. Josephs Church Rectory, 12 St. Josephs Terrace. Built in 1892, this is a brick three-story Romanesque Revival house with stone lintels and string courses and an arched center door and basement window. It is topped with an asymmetrical gabled roof.</p><br>
<p>St. Joseph&#39;s Academy, 70 North Swan Street. This four-story brick building, dating to 1905, has sections articulated by its fenestration and stair towers on its east (front) facade. Its parapet and water table are limestone; the windows on the fourth floor are arched with a brick course connecting them at the springline. It is currently used as a youth center.</p><br>
<p>St. Josephs Terrace Apartment Buildings, 7–8 and 9–10 St. Josephs Terrace. These two brick buildings, constructed in 1914, are the only apartments in the district. Both are brick and four bays wide, with 7–8 three stories tall and 9–10 four stories. The former is distinguished by its stone trim, including keystones, entrance surrounds and water tables. The latter has projecting bow windows on its upper stories.</p><br>
<p>Sweet Pilgrim Baptist Church, 4 Ten Broeck Street. This brick church on a high limestone foundation dates to 1877. Its steeple was removed in the 1960s, but it remains an important aspect of the district as its southern gateway, at the Clinton Avenue intersection.</p><br>
<h2>Preservation</h2><br>
<p>In 2003 two planning firms hired by the city sought citizen input and created the Arbor Hill Citizen Advisory Committee, which developed a plan to improve life in Arbor Hill as a whole. Among the aspects considered was how the historic district could benefit the neighborhoods future. The Ten Broeck Triangle, it noted, was one of three areas of Arbor Hill where property values did not suffer from the neighborhoods bad reputation. "It is not unusual to</p><br>
<p>see an abandoned building next to a home in which a property owner has invested $300,000 or more," in the triangle, the report said. "Clearly, to the extent that neighborhood-wide problems are alleviated or solved, property owners in the Ten Broeck neighborhood will greatly benefit and market values can be expected to escalate rapidly."</p><br>
<p>Projects suggested specifically for the district include promoting the adaptive reuse of larger properties like St. Josephs School, a tree-lined pathway from North Swan to the Ten Broeck Mansion, and improving the sidewalks along North Swan. The reuse of St. Josephs Church was also considered, with low-impact uses preferred. It was also suggested that Ten Broeck Street itself be made more pedestrian-friendly, either with wider sidewalks, trees on the sidewalks or a tree-lined center median. Participants in the meetings rejected a proposal for a new "signature building" at North Swan and Livingston because they thought the area was dense enough already.</p><br>
<p>In a 2005 progress report on the plan, the city noted that the state had awarded the Albany Housing Authority a grant for a feasibility study on the former St. Josephs School. It also reported on Historic Albanys progress in stabilizing and restoring St. Josephs, possibly for future use as a branch library. The organization had helped the plans cultural goals as well by organizing a walking tour of the Ten Broeck Triangle. In 2010 the city and the advisory committee shared an award from the American Planning Association&#39;s upstate New York chapter for excellence in implementing the plan.</p><br>
<p>The Broadway–Livingston Avenue Historic District is located at the junction of those two streets in Albany, New York, United States. It includes nine buildings remaining from an original 20, all contributing properties, and a Warren truss railroad bridge. In 1988 the area was recognized as a historic district and listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>It is the only intact concentration of 19th-century commercial and residential architecture on Broadway north of downtown Albany. Most of its buildings are two- and three-story rowhouses interspersed with brick commercial buildings of comparable scale and built between 1829 and 1876, a time period when the neighborhood enjoyed great prosperity as the eastern terminus of the Erie Canal. The bridge was built in 1900 to carry the New York Central Railroad tracks across Broadway at Colonie Street.</p><br>
<p>Urban renewal programs had cleared much of the surrounding land when the district was designated. Many of the buildings in the district were in poor condition at that time, and more than half have been demolished since then, leaving vacant lots. The remaining buildings still show evidence of urban blight. Due to the demolitions, local historic preservation groups consider the district one of the most endangered historic sites in the city.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The district is an irregularly shaped 3.5 acre area that includes property on both sides of both streets it is named for north and west of their intersection, including to the north of Colonie Street at the railroad bridge, but not that intersection itself. It is north of downtown Albany, at the point where the more densely built neighborhoods of large-scale commercial, residential and governmental buildings yield to residential neighborhoods of two-story houses. To the east the terrain is level to Albany&#39;s waterfront along the Hudson River a quarter-mile (500 m) to the east.</p><br>
<p>On the west the ground begins to rise to Pearl Street (New York State Route 32), where the Church of Holy Innocents, also listed on the Register, borders on the district at the Colonie Street intersection; to their west is the large Arbor Hill Historic District–Ten Broeck Triangle, another Register listing. Across Pearl from it is a modern housing project with two high-rise towers and a complex of two-story apartment buildings. One block to the south is the Broadway Row, on the other side of a large parking lot, four brick rowhouses also listed.</p><br>
<p>At its southern end the district includes the four easternmost lots on Livingston west of the intersection. It then takes in all the properties on the west side of Broadway to two lots south of the Colonie intersection and follows the side of the street where it forks to allow traffic to turn left on Colonie at grade level while the main street descends under the bridge, a short distance north to the railroad right-of-way. From there it crosses Broadway to run an irregular path along the edge of a parking lot, turning south to cross Colonie. The boundary then turns west, following the edge of the street, then south along the east side of Broadway. After taking on some of the lots on the east side, it crosses the street and returns to where it began.</p><br>
<p>Within this area, the west side of Broadway and the south side of Livingston are the developed areas, with mostly brick buildings (except for 69 Livingston, which has aluminum siding over a timber frame structural system) dating to the district&#39;s period of significance. Most are one or two-story rowhouses or other residential or commercial structures. The east side is now vacant lots, as is the area around the railroad bridge. A row of trees border the rail line.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>At the time of its founding in 1686, and throughout most of the 18th century, Albany was a small area coterminous with its present-day downtown, encircled by a stockade. Its charter extended its corporate limits a mile (1.6 km) north along the Hudson River from the stockade, to the vicinity of what is today Clinton Avenue. The land to the north was owned by the van Rensselaer family, the area&#39;s colonial patroons since it was settled by the Dutch.</p><br>
<p>In 1764, Stephen van Rensselaer II, then the patroon, had the area north of Albany surveyed, laid out in a grid pattern for future streets, subdivided and sold. It was incorporated as the original town of Colonie in 1795. Within two decades it had attracted a thousand residents, and in 1815 they persuaded the city of Albany to annex Colonie. It became the city&#39;s Fifth Ward.</p><br>
<p>For the first ten years afterward that was the only change. In 1825 the Erie Canal was completed, and the eastern terminus of the 360 mi waterway was located where Colonie Street reaches the Hudson. The city built a large waterfront complex at the site. North Broadway began to grow. The neighborhood became known as the lumber district, since that commodity, harvested in the Adirondacks and Western New York, accounted for much of the cargo being shipped to Albany via the canal. New construction included both the mills where the wood was finished and the homes of those who grew prosperous from that and the shipping. The townhouse at 788 Broadway, no longer extant, was built during this early period and soon had a grocery and dry goods store in its lower story.</p><br>
<h3>First passenger steam rail</h3><br>
<p>The development of rail transport that followed the canal also impacted the area. In 1831 the first passenger steam rail service in the United States opened between Albany and Schenectady. Throughout the next decade passenger cars that had been ferried across the river were hauled up the steep hill on State Street downtown and then put on the tracks to Schenectady. In 1844, the tracks were shifted to the current route up the less steeper Patroon Creek ravine. A large freight transshipment complex was built nearby to unload freight from trains to boats and ferries, then reload it at a similar depot on the east side. The workers necessary for this operation settled in the neighborhood. Small businesses, serving the area&#39;s residents, opened in spaces like 802 Broadway.</p><br>
<p>One of those early houses, the non-extant 799 Broadway, was converted into a police station in 1863, reflecting the neighborhoods growth. After the Civil War a bridge was built, reducing the neighborhoods economic importance somewhat, although at the same time 810–812 Broadway was built as an art-supply store. Canal traffic declined as well with the improvements in railroading. In 1900 the present Warren truss iron bridge was built as part of an extensive project that reshaped the city&#39;s railroads. A new bridge across the Hudson replaced the first one and the Union Station was built downtown. The demolition of the Broadway station to clear the way for the new station and the filling in of the canal (rerouted to carry larger barges) for expanded freight yards deprived the neighborhood of its economic center.</p><br>
<p>It slowly declined over the course of the 20th century. Most of the buildings outside the present district were demolished for urban renewal in the 1960s and &#39;70s. Since the Register listing, buildings have been lost.</p><br>
<h2>Significant contributing properties</h2><br>
<p>Of the original 20 buildings in the district, nine are left. The sole structure, the railroad bridge, also remains.</p><br>
<p>70 and 72 Livingston Avenue. These two identical two-and-a-half-story three-bay Greek Revival rowhouses, once part of a row of four, are the oldest extant buildings in the district now, dating to roughly 1840.</p><br>
<p>Railroad bridge, over Broadway at Colonie Street. This metal truss bridge with carried four separate tracks in its prime, three of which remain. Structurally it consists of three modified and riveted Warren truss webs resting on stone abutments, with lattice-braced diagonals, verticals, portals and overhead struts. The trusses support the box girders the ballasted deck rests on.</p><br>
<p>Currently it carries Amtrak Empire Service passenger trains and CSX freight; the latter company owns it. Conrail, its owner at the time of the Register listing, objected to it.</p><br>
<p>Among the demolished buildings, 788 Broadway, a Greek Revival townhouse, was notable for its fluted Doric in antis columns. At its roofline was a molded cornice and frieze with a Greek key motif. Built in 1829, it had been the oldest building in the district until it was demolished.</p><br>
<p>In 2012, the buildings at 808 and 810–812 Broadway were demolished. The latter, a three-story Italianate building, built in 1872, was the most elaborate of the remaining buildings. From a cornice above the ground-floor storefront, two pilasters rose in the brick up the next two stories, flanking the central of the five front bays. At the roofline corbels supported an elaborate molded modillioned cornice.</p><br>
<p>Across the street, in the now vacant lots, 799 Broadway went through some major alterations to convert it into a police station in 1863. Its basic three-story, four-bay form from 1835 remained, but its Greek Revival stylings got some Italianate updates. The raised arch at the main entry was original, but the iron lintels, incised frieze panels and tripartite cornice with elaborate brackets in support were added at that time. A brick parapet and pent slate roof came in the next decade. Later still, in the early years of the 20th century, the stoop was removed for a new entrance at street level and large windows added in the basement.</p><br>
<p>The Center Square/Hudson–Park Historic District is located between Empire State Plaza and Washington Park in Albany, New York, United States. It is a 27-block area taking in both the Center Square and Hudson/Park neighborhoods, and Lark Street on the west. In 1980 it was recognized as a historic district and listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>Most of its buildings were constructed in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, with some dating as far back as the 1830s, in a diverse array of architectural styles of the era. Many prominent architects, including Marcus T. Reynolds and Russell Sturgis, have extant work in the district. Only 22 buildings are more modern, non-contributing properties. While 80% of its buildings are attached rowhouses, giving it a predominantly residential character even today, it also includes churches, two small parks and the Alfred E. Smith State Office Building. Among those are the citys oldest black church and the firehouse that housed its last volunteer fire department. One of Albanys legendary figures, longtime mayor Erastus Corning 2nd, was born in a house on Chestnut Street; another, gangster Legs Diamond, was murdered in one on Dove Street.</p><br>
<p>Development of the neighborhood began in the 1840s, when the Ruttenkill Creek ravine was filled in. In those early years, houses built there reflected the socioeconomic diversity of the residents. Some were large, high style buildings, the homes of wealthy city residents; others were smaller, more vernacular interpretations built in groups for lower-income buyers. Later, in the last decades of the 19th century, it became a more desirable neighborhood after the current state capitol and Washington Park were built. It continues to remain so, although it did not get its current names until two neighborhood associations were formed to resist urban renewal in the 1960s and &#39;70s.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The district is a roughly rectangular area with a regular boundary on the east and an irregular one on the west. Center Square, the northern section, is considered to be those six blocks between Lark, State, South Swan and Jay streets. South of that is Hudson–Park.</p><br>
<p>Its boundary begins at the intersection of Washington Avenue (New York State Route 5) and South Swan Street. On the intersections southwest corner is the Alfred E. Smith Building, the districts largest, near the New York State Capitol, a National Historic Landmark, and the State Education Department Building, also on the Register. From there the district&#39;s eastern boundary runs straight south along South Swan for one-half mile (1 km), past the modern buildings of Empire State Plaza and the New York State Museum, to Park Avenue at the north edge of Lincoln Park.</p><br>
<p>It continues two blocks west to Delaware Avenue (USA Route 9W) where it turns north along that street for one block. Then it turns west at Myrtle Avenue, avoiding a large modern building on the intersection&#39;s southwest corner, to follow it west for one block. It then turns north along Lark Street, for two blocks, turning west again at Dana Avenue. After taking in two lots on the north side of the street, it follows the lot lines off the street to the middle of the block, turning west to take in all the buildings on the south side of Madison Avenue (USA Route 20) to just opposite the intersection with Willet Street, at the southeast corner of Washington Park.</p><br>
<p>The buildings on Willet are part of the Washington Park Historic District, so the boundary turns east again, excluding the two lots just east of the intersection. It then follows rear lot lines through the middle of the next three blocks to Spring Street, where it turns east. From there it follows Spring east for a thousand feet (300 m), putting two more Register-listed properties, the Walter Merchant House and Harmanus Bleecker Library, just outside the district, to Dove Street. It continues along the lot lines to the west side of the Smith Building lot, where it turns to Washington to take in that building.</p><br>
<p>Topographically the district reflects the proximity of the Hudson River a half-mile (1 km) to the east. It generally slopes slightly in that direction. There is a more pronounced dip centered on Hudson Avenue in the eastern (Center Square) portion, where one of the ravines that characterized the area before the city was developed was filled in. A similar depression occurs, for the same reason, in the district&#39;s southeast corner next to Lincoln Park.</p><br>
<p>The 99 acre of the district is urban and densely developed. The majority of buildings are two-to-four-story attached brick rowhouses, or similar detached townhouses, usually three bays built in the late 19th or early 20th centuries, in a range of architectural styles from late Federal to Colonial Revival, high and low. They are often grouped in similar clusters due to simultaneous development, although no one style predominates over a single street or block. There are a few older timber frame houses, mainly in the south end on Myrtle and Park avenues. Many properties have detached garages in the rear, either converted carriage houses or built as garages in the 20th century.</p><br>
<p>Scattered around the district are other building types, primarily institutional. They range from the 34-story Smith Building at the northeast corner and the brick structures of the former Hinckel Brewery on Park Avenue to the six churches, most notably the Wilborn Temple on Lancaster Street, whose tower is a secondary focal point of the district after the Smith Building. Although most commercial use in the district is of mixed-use character, occurring in the basements and at street level of otherwise residential rowhouses, there are some historic commercial buildings, as well as larger modern, non-contributing development like supermarkets and gas stations.</p><br>
<p>Formal open space in the district is limited to the small Hudson–Jay Park between those two streets near South Swan and the loop at the aborted stub end of the South Mall Arterial, and the very small Dana Park on Delaware Square where Delaware Avenue and Lark merge at Madison. However, many of the houses in the district have large backyards. Vacant lots, not all of which have been converted into parking lots, also provide breaks in development. Many streets have been lined with mature trees to further provide shade and calm traffic. Some retain their original cobblestone or brick pavement, and crosswalks have been paved that way in other areas.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Center Square and Hudson–Park have four distinct historical periods. During the citys colonial period and even after the opening of the Erie Canal, it was little-used and remote from downtown. Development took off after the filling of the Ruttenkill Creek ravine in 1845. By the end of the century the area was one of the citys most prestigious addresses, but change began slowly in the early 20th century, with more non-residential use creeping in. as well as guiding their development into, once again, an affluent and desirable area of Albany to live in.</p><br>
<h3>1664–1845: Pre-development</h3><br>
<p>For most of the colonial era, Albany had been confined by a defensive wooden stockade to its present downtown. It had come down after British victory in the French and Indian War ended any threat from the French, but the tensions that led to the Revolutionary War a decade later, and its aftermath, had limited the citys growth. The land where the district would later stand was known as Pinkster Hill, since the annual spring festival held by the areas African Americans, both slave and free, was held there until 1822.</p><br>
<p>Even when the city began to grow again significantly after becoming the eastern terminus of the Erie Canal in 1825, its expansion was primarily north and south along the Hudson River, where the land was level. A few residents ventured to the west. Several houses were built on State and Lydius (today&#39;s Madison Avenue) streets during the 1830s. These were generally small timber frame buildings, a few of which remain, mostly small cottages. The 1837 house at 321 State Street is the oldest intact property in the district, and it is predated by the 1827 Alfred Conckling House at 353 Madison Avenue, which had a third story added in the 1920s.</p><br>
<h3>1845–1899: Growth and development</h3><br>
<p>Just to the west of the city rose sharp bluffs penetrated by ravines that had been carved by the small local tributaries of the Hudson. To better connect the growing city&#39;s neighborhoods, they were filled in over time. One such filling, the Ruttenkill Creek, made possible the development of the future historic district in 1845. The new area, between Hawk, State, Lark and Madison, attracted builders very quickly. In 1867 Lydius Street was renamed Madison Avenue after former USA President James Madison, a move that was attacked as an effort to further cleanse Albany of its Dutch colonial past. Horsecar service, later replaced by electrified streetcar service, was introduced along a route following Hamilton Street to Lark and then south to Madison Avenue in the 1860s. An 1890s-vintage electric pole for the system, one of two left in the city, is in front of 401 Hamilton.</p><br>
<p>Builders almost exclusively put up groups of attached brick rowhouses, often demolishing any earlier structures on the property, changing the character of the district. Many were builders or other local businessmen. Their models ranged from simple buildings for working-class families to high-end houses for affluent buyers. Judge William Learned commissioned Russell Sturgis to design homes for his family at 298–300 State Street in 1873, one of only two buildings he designed in the city. Originally architects and builders worked in the Italianate style, but later projects used contemporary styles like the Second Empire and Queen Anne modes.</p><br>
<p>In the early 1850s the Israel AME Church finally rebuilt, allegedly from a design by its pastor, The Rev. Thomas Jackson. It is the oldest church building in the district. Other socially prominent residents who moved into the area at that time include Anthony Bleecker Banks, who served as state legislator and mayor, and James Eaton, supervising architect of the new state capitol, who developed many of the homes in the area as well. The nearby blocks soon attracted the city&#39;s wealthiest Jewish families.</p><br>
<p>While the rest of the neighborhood grew, the blocks south of Elm Street remained largely undeveloped during this early period. The Hinckel brewery had been located at Park and South Swan since 1855. But for residents, those blocks were too far from downtown Albany and the riverfront to walk to work there, and no streetcar lines reached them. In 1886 the ravine to the south was filled and Lincoln Park created. Development there remained slow, however.</p><br>
<p>Another park helped transform the district into a more upscale enclave. Over the course of the 1870s and 80s, Washington Park was gradually acquired and developed. The streets around it became the citys newest desirable address, with their wealthy residents building houses larger than the rowhouses they had previously called home. The spillover effect on property values on the streets to the east was enhanced when the new state capitol was just to the east. By 1896, two years before the capitol was complete, every street in the district had at least one address on Albanys Social List.</p><br>
<h3>1900–1956: Consolidation</h3><br>
<p>In the first decades of the 20th century the neighborhood began to change slightly. Large apartment houses were built, Nine years after its 1915 construction, in one of the city&#39;s greatest engineering feats, the Fort Frederick was moved, intact and with furnishings, to its present location at 248 State from Washington and Swan, in order to make way for what was eventually built as the Alfred E. Smith State Office Building. Existing houses were subdivided into apartments as well. The vacant Albany Card and Paper Company plant at 270–76 Hudson Street was converted into a movie theater in 1916.</p><br>
<p>This trend toward larger buildings and greater density culminated with the completion of the Smith Building in 1928. The 34-story Art Deco skyscraper instantly became the districts largest building. As subsequent office buildings in the district were not architecturally sympathetic with the rowhouses around them, it is considered the districts youngest contributing property.</p><br>
<p>Elsewhere in the district during the first three decades of the new century, in 1903 a memorial fountain to geologist James Dwight Dana was erected in the small park now named after him where Lark Street and Delaware Avenue merge at Madison Avenue. Nearby, at 25 Delaware Avenue 14 years later, in 1917, the city&#39;s fire department built the Dutch Colonial Revival fire signaling building.</p><br>
<p>As Prohibition had been anticipated by the conversion of a brewery into apartments, Repeal was heralded one of the most notorious events in the district&#39;s history. In the early hours of December 12, 1931, gangster Legs Diamond, who had grown rich partly through sales of illegal liquor, was shot dead in his hideout on the upper floor of 67 Dove Street as he slept off a party the night before. The killing officially remains unsolved.</p><br>
<p>The Great Depression, which followed, had an effect on the district. Since the 1890s the wealthy families that lived there had often merely rented their rowhouses while owning summer residences outside the city, in then-rural communities like Loudonville, Slingerlands, Altamont or Selkirk. In the 1930s, cash-strapped landlords began pressuring their city tenants to either buy the properties outright or move. With the advent of the automobile, commuting to work in the city from outlying locations had become easier, and many faced with that choice took the latter route, taking up full-time residence in what had up to then been their summer homes, and beginning the suburbanization of the Albany area, a process that accelerated after World War II.</p><br>
<h3>1957–present: Neighborhood associations</h3><br>
<p>In 1957 residents of the six blocks between State, South Swan, Jay and Lark formed the Center Square Neighborhood Association (CSNA), Albany&#39;s oldest such organization, which ultimately lent its name to their neighborhood. The later condemnation of the neighborhoods east of South Swan for Empire State Plaza, and the plans to extend the South Mall Arterial freeway west along Jay Street, spurred the creation of the Hudson/Park Neighborhood Association in the 1970s. It succeeded both in stopping the highway project, and giving a name to its neighborhood.</p><br>
<p>As it had been when the area was first developed, Center Square and Hudson/Park were socioeconomically diverse at the time the neighborhood associations were established. Over the course of the 1980s, that changed in Center Square as the CSNA&#39;s success began to make that neighborhood a desirable place for the young professionals of the era to live. By 1990 it had the highest rents in the city. The CSNA helped residents fight the city over a property tax reassessment in the late 1980s that many of them believed had singled out their neighborhood. It also successfully opposed another parking garage proposal at that time.</p><br>
<p>The neighborhood associations success in getting its way with city politicians has been attributed to its membership having many lawyers, civil servants and other well-connected present and former residents to draw upon. It has sometimes drawn criticism as an elite group that represents the interests of only its members in preserving the neighborhoods high property values at the expense of the city as a whole. Specifically, when organized opposition by the CSNA and other groups in the city prevented the construction of another proposed parking garage in the late 1980s, some residents of adjacent blocks complained that they had been open to the plan as long as it could be amended to show more sensitivity to the historic character of the neighborhood. They pointed out that residents often competed for parking with state workers in the buildings at Empire State Plaza, and that older residents and those with small children had considered moving out of the neighborhood for the suburbs due to the parking problem.</p><br>
<p>Historic preservation of the neighborhoods led the producers of the film adaptation of William Kennedy&#39;s novel Ironweed to use Lark Street as a location. The story takes place in Albany during the Depression, and it did not need to be recreated as many buildings from that era still stood. "The trolley came back to Lark Street in Albany," recalled Kennedy, "on a block where it had never run."</p><br>
<p>In the 1990s the CSNA and the Lark Street Merchants Association began working together in response to early signs of urban decay brought on by that era&#39;s recession. They formed the Lark Street Revitalization Committee and were able to secure approximately half a million dollars in grants to restore and redevelop the area.</p><br>
<p>Since at least the 1970s the citys gay community had been centered on Lark Street. As gay visibility increased in the 1990s, Lark became identified as Albanys gay village. The Pride Center of the Capital Region has its office on Hudson near Lark. The city&#39;s annual gay pride parade is held along State and Lark, ending in a festival at Washington Park.</p><br>
<h2>Significant contributing properties</h2><br>
<p>While no building in the district is currently listed individually on the National Register, many of its contributing properties are noteworthy within its context.</p><br>
<h3>Properties known by their address</h3><br>
<p>These were all built as single-family residences, although their use may changed over the years.</p><br>
<p>67 Dove Street: Early one morning in December 1931, gangster Legs Diamond was hiding out on the second floor of this two-story 1850s brick townhouse, sleeping off a party after a recent trial in Troy. Someone came in, went upstairs and shot him to death. The crime remains officially unsolved.</p><br>
<p>142 Chestnut Street: Built in 1875 as a stable for Brides Row builder John Myers, who lived nearby on Lancaster Street, this two-story brick structure was converted into a house in 1913. At that time a square bay was added in the middle of the second story; the rebuilt area is faced in stucco.</p><br>
<p>148 Lancaster Street: This five-bay Italianate brick building with a brownstone-trimmed entryway is the largest house on its block. It was built around 1876 for Charles Knowles, a local insurance agent.</p><br>
<p>162–170 Jay Street: This brick Italianate row was built as speculative housing by bank president Thomas W. Olcott and lawyer James King in 1875.</p><br>
<p>182–216 Elm Street: These 18 brick Italianate houses are the longest row in the district. Developer George Martin built them in 1871 and sold them to both new residents looking to live in the neighborhood and longtime residents looking for smaller houses.</p><br>
<p>187 Lancaster Street: Thomas Ward, a printer at the Albany Argus newspaper, commissioned this two-story brick house in 1872. It was likely one of the first of many in the city built by William Sayles. The symbols inside the circles on the cornice and elsewhere on the facade reportedly represent the Isle of Man, where Ward was born.</p><br>
<p>188 Lancaster Street: Built in 1876 by a local mason, this ornate brick Italianate house has eyebrow windows in its attic story.</p><br>
<p>204–220 Lancaster Street: James Eaton, supervising architect of the state capitol, built this Richardsonian Romanesque row of rusticated brownstones in the late 1880s. One of his last projects in the neighborhood, the stone used was reportedly that salvaged from the former state capitol building after it was demolished in 1883.</p><br>
<p>209 Lancaster Street: Originally built around 1863, this ornate brick structure was remodeled into a double house with a projecting bay over the front door a decade later. Alexander Selkirk, architect of several houses in the district and buildings elsewhere in the city, lived here early in the 20th century.</p><br>
<p>261 State Street: Architect Alexander Selkirk designed this 1897 Roman brick townhouse for a physician. The south and west transoms have stained glass and there are lions&#39; heads in the copper cornice.</p><br>
<p>274 State Street: Merchant Luther Palmer built this house for his family in 1873. A 1920s owner redid the interior in Japanese style.</p><br>
<p>278 State Street: This 1847 house built by a cattle merchant is one of the oldest on the block. The rope pattern on the door surround was a common decorative touch at that time.</p><br>
<p>281 State Street: When built in 1881, this house of brownstone and pressed brick was one of Albert Fuller&#39;s first projects in Albany. Unlike most of his other work from that time, it makes heavy use of Classical detailing, such as scrolled pediments, a swag and rosettes.</p><br>
<p>284 State Street: This five-bay brownstone with a recessed doorway and drip moldings was built around 1860 for a local bank president. Its cast iron railings have balusters and newel posts designed to look like carved stone.</p><br>
<p>292–294 State Street: Among the oldest in the entire district, these were built around 1846 for two local plumbers. Both have since been upgraded slightly. A Queen Anne Style shingled bay window was added to 292 in the 1880s, but it is otherwise as it was when originally built. In 1899, Marcus T. Reynolds renovated 294 extensively for a college classmate, moving the entrance to Dove Street and replacing the original stoop with a bay window featuring a scrolled pediment and tapered pilasters. The owner, Gerrit Lansing, had the seal of the Dutch East India Company worked into the bay windows stained glass to reflect his descent from the citys early settlers. In the 1920s, the house was home to the Candlelight Tea Room, a popular restaurant of the time.</p><br>
<p>293–329 Hudson Avenue: One of the longest rows of speculative housing in the district, these eight two-story two-bay restrained brick Italianate houses were built by local firm John Kennedy and Son for lawyer Charles Lansing in the 1850s.</p><br>
<p>298 Hudson Avenue: One of the few gabled frame houses in the district, this features a storefront. It was built in 1848, one of the last built before that year&#39;s fire led to a ban on new wooden buildings in the city.</p><br>
<p>298–300 State Street: Russell Sturgis designed this large brick Ruskin Gothic home for Judge William Learned in 1873. Its pointed tower with its Moorish window arches dominates the Dove Street intersection. Stone string courses mark off the stories; other decoration includes shingled bays on the Dove facade and corbeled cornices. Polished granite columns support the gabled porch. German painter Emanuel Mickel did the interior murals.</p><br>
<p>306–308 State Street: These 1875 rowhouses, built for the Vandenberg and Ten Eyck families respectively, feature encaustic tile and truncated granite columns in their decoration.</p><br>
<p>312 State Street: This 1870s brownstone features an unusual porch with a wrought iron railing showing sweeping scrolls and flowers. Its front surround has an arched doorway surround with vermiculated quoins. The tiled roof and gabled dormer window may have been added a decade after construction.</p><br>
<p>315 State Street: Built in 1914, this dark red brick Neoclassical house has an unusual vaulted doorway and volutes on its central second-story bay. It was originally home to another member of the Ten Eyck family, a lawyer who lived here during World War I shortly after it was built. It was later owned by several other local businessmen, eventually becoming the property of Nelson Rockefeller. He donated it to the New York State Republican Committee,</p><br>
<p>317 State Street: Morris Ryder, a major developer of the district, built this home in 1898 and lived in it for the last two decades of his life. Its front facade, of yellow Roman brick trimmed with brownstone, is topped by a steeply pitched pantile roof with scrolled gable. They and the iron anchor beams were meant to recall the Dutch Colonial past, the remnants of which had been mostly eliminated by that time, to residents&#39; regret.</p><br>
<p>319 State Street: The unrestrained Dutch touches of Ryder&#39;s house are balanced by this 1904 Colonial Revival facade designed by Marcus Reynolds during a renovation. It consists of brick laid in Flemish bond on the upper three stories above smooth stone at street level, with large swags on either side of the centrally located main entrance. The second floor has balconies with iron railings in a bellflower pattern, in contrast to a tall iron front fence with spears and tassels.</p><br>
<p>321 State Street: Wedged in between two larger neighbors is the oldest house in the district. This two-and-a-half-story side-gabled timber frame house with gabled dormers and shutters was built for cabinetmaker John Metz around 1840. It is the only one remaining in the vicinity of what were once many other cottage-style houses from the same era.</p><br>
<p>329 State Street: Two-time mayor Anthony Bleecker Banks commissioned this Romanesque Revival double house for his daughter and son-in-law in 1889. Since he owned an earlier 1870 row on the property, the construction work may have been as much renovation as new. The four-bay front facade, of rusticated brownstone, alternates between one that projects, topped by a gable with "CB" in it, and one that recesses. Two wrought iron balconies are located in the recessed bays on the second story.</p><br>
<p>333 State Street: This brownstone with an intricate facade was built over an earlier home in 1888. The intricate stonework, with foliate and geometric designs, was probably done by stonecarvers working on the state capitol at the same time, since builder Scott Dumont Goodwin was friends with state capitol architect Isaac Perry. Each story has a distinct window treatment, from bowed triple windows on the first two floors with arched ones on the third.</p><br>
<p>334–336 State Street: Dating to 1831, these two timber frame houses are the oldest structures on State. Italianate cornices were added in the 1850s.</p><br>
<p>341 State Street: In 1896, Albert Fuller renovated this two-story yellow brick house into contemporary styles. However, he kept the Greek Revival features from the earlier house, such as the intricate ironwork on the stoop railings and the doorway, and added fretwork and dentils on the second-story bay window.</p><br>
<p>342–44 State Street: State capitol supervising architect James Eaton built these two when he was living in the area during the construction of that building in the 1870s. They both have granite trim similar to the capitol and Egyptian-influenced columns similar to those on 298 State Street.</p><br>
<p>343–351 State Street: These four 1890s rowhouses are attributed to Fuller. They feature extensive experimentation in the brickwork patterns on the facade, typical of the era.</p><br>
<p>347–349 Hudson Avenue: The front facade of these two 1851 houses have latticework wooden porches, much like the houses on Hall Place in the Ten Broeck Triangle. They reflect the influence of Andrew Jackson Downing at the time.</p><br>
<p>352 and 355 State Street: The 1905 construction of these two apartment houses, almost facing each other, signaled the beginning of a change to that type of housing not just in the district but the city as a whole. Morris Ryder built both; Marcus Reynolds is known to have designed at least 355. Currently called Capital Hill Apartments, 352 is a six-story structure on the site of a former malthouse, the last remaining large industrial facility in the Center Square area. It has a high granite foundation, carved stone entrance surround, bay windows on the State Street side and French windows with balconies on the Lark facade. Across the street, Reynolds original seven-story palazzo-style building was scaled down to this four-story brick Baroque Revival building, a popular place for many of the neighborhoods elderly to spend their later years.</p><br>
<p>353 Madison Avenue: This four-bay three-story house is the oldest structure in the district, built for federal Judge Alfred Conkling in 1827. A third story was added in the 1920s.</p><br>
<h3>Properties known by their names</h3><br>
<p>Alfred E. Smith State Office Building, 80 South Swan Street. One of the district&#39;s youngest contributing properties and the second tallest building in Albany at 387 ft is located in the eastern corner of the district. The 34-story granite Art Deco skeyscraper, named for Alfred E. Smith, governor during much of its construction, was started in 1915 and finished in 1928.</p><br>
<p>Brides Row, 144–170 Chestnut Street. These 12 yellow brick houses, one of the longest rows in the Center Square portion of the district, were built in 1899. Originally called Myers Row or even Poverty Row, they soon got the name that persists from the newlywed couples they were sold to. Each has sandstone trim and second story bay windows. Erastus Corning 2nd, mayor of Albany for a 40-year period in the 20th century, was born at 156 Chestnut in 1909.</p><br>
<p>Central Fire Alarm Signaling Station, 25 Delaware Avenue. Morris Ryder built this Dutch Colonial Revival brick house in 1917 for the fire department, ending its 23-year quest for a new central signaling location in a fireproof building at an isolated location to replace the one at headquarters damaged in an 1894 fire. Its stepped gable recalls Hook and Ladder No. 4, built a few years further south on Delaware. It continued in its original use until the 1960s. In 1976 a modern wing was attached to it to create the Louise Corning Senior Citizens Center.</p><br>
<p>James Dwight Dana Memorial Fountain, Delaware Square. In 1903 members of the Dana Natural History Society, the oldest womens science organization in the country, had this granite memorial erected to recognize the scientific accomplishments of James Dwight Dana, who had died eight years prior. He is believed to have been the first geologist and preceded Charles Darwin in proposing a theory of evolution. The society raised the money itself and ensured that the trilobites, crinoids, and eurypterids depicted on the water basin, which also served as Albanys last public horse trough, were accurately depicted.</p><br>
<p>Eighth Tabernacle Temple Beth El, 151 Jay Street. When built in 1873, this brick Italianate structure was the Holland Reformed Church. A sympathetic residence was attached to it in the 1880s. It was acquired by the Italian Christian Church in 1946, and by 1993 it was the Eighth Tabernacle of the Church of God and Saints of Christ.</p><br>
<p>Emanuel Baptist Church, 275 State Street. This rusticated limestone structure was the Baptists&#39; response to Westminster Presbyterian, across the street. The main church was finished in 1871, with the tower added 12 years later as a memorial to deacon Eli Perry, a three-term mayor. It is one of the few surviving works by partners William Woollett and Edward Ogden. The interior has a marble baptistery; the pulpit can be lowered to allow an unobstructed view of the baptism. It was redecorated and reroofed in 1928. The original stained glass was replaced in the 18960s.</p><br>
<p>Fire Station No. 6, 125 Jefferson Street. Built in 1860, it was home to Americus Engine Co. No. 13, Albany&#39;s last volunteer fire department. After 1869 it was home to Steamer No. 6, later Engine 6. In 1938 the Works Progress Administration rebuilt the exterior. It has been closed since 1986; the roof partially collapsed in 2011 from heavy rains brought by Hurricane Irene and Tropical Storm Lee. There are plans to repair and redevelop it.</p><br>
<p>Fort Federick Apartments, 248 State Street. This eight-story brick structure with stone-faced bay windows on either side was originally located at the corner of Washington Avenue and South Swan in 1915. Nine years later, the Smith Building was due to be built on the site. Instead of demolishing the building, a Pittsburgh-based engineering firm put the entire building on jacks, lifted it up two feet (50 cm) and put it on railroad tracks. Two teams of horses hauled it 350 ft to its current location. All the furnishings remained inside and intact; no glass was broken. The only negative effect was that the building&#39;s original main entrance now faces an alley on the east.</p><br>
<p>Hinckel Brewery Complex, Park Avenue and South Swan Street. Frederick Hinckel started the brewery in 1855 on this site. This five-building complex, the last large industrial facility left in the district, was built following his death in 1881. Beer production continued until 1922; some of the remaining buildings have since been converted to apartments.</p><br>
<p>Hudson Theater Apartments, 270 Hudson Street. This five-story, nine-bay brick building was built as a warehouse in 1872. It is the only remnant of the Albany Card and Paper Company complex that occupied this portion of the block between Hudson and Hamilton. In the 1890s some production work was done here as well. A toy company bought the building and, from 1916 to 1932, showed silent movies in a domed arena where the building&#39;s central courtyard is now. In 1984 the long-vacant structure was gutted and converted to its current use.</p><br>
<p>Israel African Methodist Episcopal Church, 381 Hamilton Street. Albany&#39;s first black church was founded in the 1820s, and bought this land in 1842. Their first church burned down two years later, and in 1854 they built the current structure from a design by the pastor, The Rev. Thomas Jackson. The interior was remodeled in the 1880s, and at some point later during many renovations to the exterior the steeple was removed. In 1952 the entire building was refaced in synthetic stone.</p><br>
<p>Knickerbocker Apartments, 175 Jay Street. Two breweries originally occupied the site this four-story structure in the 1850s when it was built. Within two decades one, Amsdell Brothers, had taken over the other and used the entire southeast corner of this block. A local real estate agent, sensing that Prohibition was inevitable, bought the building in 1913 and converted it into its present residential use.</p><br>
<p>Trinity United Methodist Church, Lark and Lancaster streets. A 1932 fire destroyed the church that replaced one on this site after a 1901 fire. The church responded later that year by building one of the largest religious building complexes in the city. Philadelphia architects Sunndt and Wenner designed this large limestone building with Neo-Gothic and Art Deco aspects. The main entrance is on Lancaster to avoid the busier Lark Street. Its south aisle has stained glass depicting scenes from church history, starting with St. Paul and ending with "the modern student", one receiving a diploma and the other wearing football equipment. Elsewhere on the property is a chapel and parish house, the latter incorporating parts of a 1926 building that survived the 1932 fire.</p><br>
<p>Trolley-wire Tower, in front of 401 Hamilton Street. This narrow latticework iron structure, built in the 1890s is one of the only two remaining in the city. It supported the overhead wire for the trolley line that went from downtown to Washington Park and west. That service was discontinued in 1946.</p><br>
<p>Welcome Chapel Missionary Baptist Church, 124 Chestnut Street. This site has been in use for religious purposes by both black and white congregations since at least 1876, when an atlas indicated there was a "colored Baptist church" there. A white congregation, the Second Congregational Christian Church, built the current Romanesque Revival building, with a low crenellated tower, is of pressed brick with sandstone trim. It is unclear whether any aspects of the original building survive in the present one. After that congregation merged with one on Quail Street and moved to its building, the Welcome Chapel purchased this one in 1958.</p><br>
<p>Westminster Church Education Building, 85 Chestnut Street. This three-story brick structure was built in 1928 after the fire that severely damaged the interior of the Westminster Presbyterian Church a block away. At the time the church owned all the land between both buildings. It is used as a parish hall.</p><br>
<p>Westminster Presbyterian Church, 260 State Street. Built in 1862 as the State Street Presbyterian Church, this is one of the district&#39;s most significant buildings. It was designed either by William Hodgins or Nichols and Brown. It was one of the first building projects for mason James Eaton, who would later become supervising architect of the new state capitol and a major developer of the future district. In 1919 it was renamed following a merger with the Second Street Presbyterian Church. Nine years later, in 1928, a fire started accidentally during roof repairs ravaged the interior. The original bell and baptismal font survived; the carved reredos and stained glass were added during the repairs.</p><br>
<p>Wilborn Temple, South Swan and Lancaster streets. When built in 1885, this stone Richardsonian Romanesque house of worship was Temple Beth Emeth, the home of two Jewish congregations that had been bitter enemies over doctrinal issues when founded in the mid-19th century. State architect Isaac Perry collaborated with a congregant, Adolph Fleischmann, on a design that echoed Albany&#39;s city hall, then newly built, in its rustication, hipped roof, massing around a corner tower and arched entryway with an inscription in English and Hebrew. Jews, who had helped develop the surrounding blocks by moving to them in the years after the temple was built, later moved to the suburbs like other city residents, and in 1957 a new temple was built on Academy Road with the original stained glass. The temple building was sold to a Christian church and became Wilborn Temple First Church of God in Christ.</p><br>
<p>The Knox Street Historic District is primarily located along one block of that street in the Park South neighborhood of Albany, New York, United States. Its contributing properties are several groups of attached rowhouses. The area was recognized as a historic district and listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2008.</p><br>
<p>For most the first half of the 19th century, the block of Knox that comprises most of the district was either undeveloped or used as a nursery by Scottish-born James Wilson, breeder of one of the early American-bred commercial strains of strawberry. His 1830s Federal style house on Morris Street is a contributing property, the oldest in the district and one of the oldest in Park South. The nursery remained in operation in some capacity into the early 20th century under different ownership.</p><br>
<p>Most of the rowhouses were built in the 1870s and 1880s, probably by the same builder, as they are a more cohesive group than other clusters of rowhouses in Park South. They also include a set with corbelled brick and projecting bays, both unusual architectural features for Albany rowhouses.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The district includes both sides of Knox between Dana Avenue and Morris Street, the row on the west side north of Dana, and 74 Morris Street. Its boundary strictly adheres to those property lines. This forms a rectangle with smaller, roughly identical rectangles projecting from its northwest and southwest corners. Within this 0.8 acre area are 24 buildings, all considered contributing to the districts historic character. The lot where a house once stood at the southwest corner of Knox and Morris has been converted into a small city park, the districts only open space.</p><br>
<p>To the east and west are blocks with similar dense urban development, likewise mostly rowhouses, though not always as architecturally consistent as that within the district. Properties to the north along Madison Avenue (USA Route 20) are part of the neighboring Washington Park Historic District. A block to the east along Dana and Morris is Lark Street, the western boundary of the Center Square/Hudson–Park Historic District. Just past Myrtle Avenue one block south of the district is the Samuel S. Stratton Veterans Administration hospital, part of a large complex of health-care facilities. It is a taller building that partially serves as a focal point when looking south along Knox.</p><br>
<h2>Buildings</h2><br>
<p>Except where otherwise stated, all the buildings in the district are attached brick rowhouses. None are currently listed individually on the Register.</p><br>
<p>131–135 Knox Street: Located at the north end of the district, these three date to 1875, shortly after Washington Park was opened. Built on 21 by lots, they are in the Italianate style, three bays wide with raised basements. Two-over-two double-hung sash windows on the east (front) facades have ornate cast iron sills and lintels with intricate Italianate detailing. At the rooflines are articulated projecting modillioned wooden cornices. Wooden steps with iron railings climb to a recessed entrance in the right bay of each, topped by a projecting square wooden oriel window.</p><br>
<p>137 Knox Street: One of the two free-standing houses in the district, this was built slightly later than its northern neighbors, in 1876. Its lot is three feet (1 m) deeper than theirs. It has a cross-gabled roof and a street-level ground floor. Its windows, which may have been altered at some point, and door have similar lintels. The three first-floor windows, double-hung six-over-one sash that may reflect an early 20th-century alteration, are located on a small projecting bay with clapboard siding. The roof lacks the broad overhanging eaves, making this more of a rural-style house within the overall Italianate mode.</p><br>
<p>139, 140 and 141 Knox Street: Located on opposite sides of the street just south of Dana, these three are three-story, flat-fronted buildings of three bays each. The ground floors of 139 and 140 reflect their original purpose as storefronts; on 140 it is now faced in clapboard. The storefront cornices have survived conversion to residential use. On all three buildings, the two-over-two sash has hoods, but the material and/or design are different on each. At the roofline is the ornate wooden cornice characteristic of the Italianate style, but 139 and 140 have it only on the facades facing Knox and not Dana.</p><br>
<p>142–158 Knox Street: This row takes up the remainder of the space along the east side of Knox between Dana and Morris. They were built in the mid-1880s and reflect aspects of the Romanesque Revival and Queen Anne styles on their basic Italianate forms. Belt courses delineate the floors within the buildings, and the windows and doors are topped with articulated or segmental forms. At the roofline there is a patterned brickwork frieze and the cornice is held up with large brackets; both are typical of the Queen Anne Style. Atop each is a centrally located pediment. The houses from 146 to 158 also have an oriel in the southernmost second-story bay, above the main entrance and wooden stoop.</p><br>
<p>143–153 Knox Street: Across the street, this row likewise occupies the majority of the block on its side. Built around the same time, these reflect a stronger Romanesque influence on the Italianate form. On all these, one of the two bays is projecting, with double windows on the facet facing the street. All windows on the facade are one-over-one sash with brownstone sills and lintels. A segmental arch of splayed bricks tops the double windows on the street facet of the bay. Stoops are lower than other houses on the street, and lead to recessed double doors with a brownstone lintel. The cornice at the roof has a corbel at the south corner.</p><br>
<p>155 Knox Street: Built in 1882, a few years before the rest of the street, this corner building lacks the projecting bay of its neighbors. More strictly Italianate, it has some of the same features as the row across the street, such as the projecting second-story bay (square in its case, with double one-over-one) and paint giving the appearance of belt courses. The main entry is similarly double doors in a recessed segmental archway. On the exposed basement the windows have external bars.</p><br>
<p>74 Morris Street: The oldest property in the district, and one of the oldest in Park South, this Federal style two-story, three-bay almost square side-gabled house dates to 1838. It has a deeper setback than its newer neighbors to the west; the front yard has been entirely paved over to serve as parking. The main entrance is on the east side, under a hip-roofed porch with six-over-six sash and a gabled hood over the door. All other windows are one-over-one; the east bay on the second story is blind. On top, the original slate and copper roof is pierced by several modern ventilation and heating pipes.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>For the first half of the 19th century the area that would become the Knox Street Historic District was either undeveloped or used as a strawberry farm, with the block itself existing only as a paper street to actually be opened once the city had expanded to need housing there. When it did, development was rapid, although the original agricultural use remained in part through the early 20th century. The neighborhood&#39;s decline during the later years of the century has been reversed with an award-winning project in the early 21st.</p><br>
<h3>1813–1874: Strawberry nursery</h3><br>
<p>Knox Street first appeared on maps of Albany in 1813, with building lots already subdivided; however those were merely planning maps as the city had at the time not grown far from its original downtown, its core since it was first established by the Dutch as a colonial capital in the 17th century. As such Knox, like many of the other streets in what is now Park South, existed purely on paper. The only street in the area was Madison Avenue, then known as Lydius Avenue. The future site of Washington Park existed, but was not used as a park at the time, instead merely serving as a parade ground and site for special events like the county fair. At the time the only area with any kind of use was a cemetery built in 1806.</p><br>
<p>From several different early owners, the land that today forms the district eventually passed to James Wilson, and the east-west streets were built. The city&#39;s property tax records show his house, the one at 74 Morris, for the first time in 1838, along with an accompanying barn, on three acres (3 acre) where he had built greenhouses three years before. He had used what the city considered waste land, due to the slope created by nearby Beaver Creek, to build a nursery where he developed and grew the Wilson strawberry, the first successful American cultivar of that fruit, as rich and juicy as various European blends but able to withstand the American climate. For the next 40 years his breed would dominate American strawberry markets.</p><br>
<p>For the next 30 years, as well, there would be no other houses south of Lydius, which finally became Madison Avenue in 1867. The only other properties in the area in use were an almshouse from 1826 and a prison, in 1846. Both of these suggested, along with the pre-existing uses, that the area was far enough from the city center for undesirable but necessary businesses and institutions to be allowed.</p><br>
<p>In the 1830s Albanys city directories had begun listing Knox as "the first street west of Lark". Two decades later, in 1850, it was included on the citys official map although it still remained a paper street although more homes were shown in the area. Buildings are also shown at the northwest corner of Knox and Morris as well as at 139 Knox; it is unlikely that the latter is the extant structure.</p><br>
<p>Wilson died in 1855; his son and widow continued to operate the nursery. After the Civil War, they sold it. In the 1870s development of the area picked up as Washington Park began construction on the former parade ground. Thomas Davidson, who bought the Wilson nursery in 1871, subdivided the lots on Knox Street into their current size. The city&#39;s horsecar line was extended west to what is now New Scotland Road to serve the park; other infrastructure, such as water and sewer lines, soon followed.</p><br>
<h3>1875–present: Development and restoration</h3><br>
<p>The lots in the vicinity of the park had been sold to many local speculators and developers. One of the latter, John and Edmund Walsh, builders whose father may have worked in the nursery, grew up in the neighborhood. After developing several rows along Madison, they turned their attention south. In 1875 they built 131–35 Knox, the first houses in the district besides Wilson&#39;s. It is believed that they built other houses along that section of the street; however, except for the freestanding gabled house at 137 Knox, none remain.</p><br>
<p>In 1880 the block of Knox between Morris and what was then known as Yates Avenue, where the majority of the district is located, was finally opened. The lots were sold to individual buyers, but remained undeveloped. The following year, 13 of those owners, representing most of the frontage along the block, sued the city over the paving of the street, complaining that the work was consistently below the standards called for.</p><br>
<p>John Walsh left his brother&#39;s construction business that same year. By 1882 tax records show that at least 140 Knox had been built and was owned by Ann Martin, the wife of a local builder. In the next few years the row from 146 through 158 was built, and shortly afterwards 142 and 144. The earlier houses had been strictly Italianate in design, but the later ones began showing the influence of the emerging Queen Anne Style.</p><br>
<p>By 1886 the last houses to be built, the 143–153 row, were complete. Their forms show the influence of another contemporary style, the Romanesque Revival. The brownstone trim suggests specifically the work of Henry Hobson Richardson. While it is highly likely because of their similarity that they are the work of the same builder, it is not known if that builder was John Walsh.</p><br>
<p>To the south, Davidson, now joined by his brother, continued to operate the nursery. Records from the time show another house attached to 74 Morris as well as greenhouses along Morris and Knox near the intersection. The Davidsons owned the southern half of the block west to what is now New Scotland Road. It stayed that way even after a building boom in the neighborhood in 1892, following the completion of Washington Park.</p><br>
<p>By 1908, the year of the next great surge in building what is now Park South, the east-west cross streets had houses on both sides. The nursery was listed in city atlases as a flower shop, under different ownership. Yates Street had been renamed Dana Avenue.</p><br>
<p>The next detailed map of the area, a 1934 insurance map, shows little sign of the nursery save Wilsons original house. By then the neighborhood was essentially built out. The map shows a rowhouse next to Wilsons similar to the others on the block; it has since been demolished.</p><br>
<p>Over the course of the rest of the 20th century, the neighborhood suffered from urban decay, like many of Albanys other older enclaves. Residents and new buyers moved out to newer, more suburban regions of the city or its suburbs. The houses suffered from neglect, and were sometimes abandoned. In the first decade of the 21st century, a Boston-based developer won a contract to redevelop 18 of the houses on Knox between Dana and Morris. It spent $12.5 million, with the help of grants from the city and state tax credits, to accomplish the project. In 2009 it received an award from the states Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation for its restoration efforts.</p><br>
<p>Serra d&#39;Irta  is an 18.8 km long mountain range in the Baix Maestrat comarca, Valencian Community, Spain. Its highest point is Pic Campanilles .</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>The Serra d&#39;Irta stretches in a northeast-southwest direction south of the Vinaròs plain, its northern limit. It is located right by the Mediterranean coastline, rising on the eastern side of the road between Barcelona and Valencia.</p><br>
<p>Its southern limit is near Alcossebre.</p><br>
<p>This mountain range is covered with Maquis shrubland, including Juniperus oxycedrus, Calicotome spinosa, Pistacia lentiscus and Anthyllis cytisoides shrubs. Some of the lower slopes facing inland are planted with olive, almond and carob trees. In spite of the mountain area having been officially declared a Natural Park, there has been heavy urbanization on the slopes of the mountain having a sea view towards the northern end of the range next to Peníscola. There are castles and watchtowers of Moorish times on peaks of the Serra d&#39;Irta both east of Santa Magdalena de Polpís and of Alcalà de Xivert.</p><br>
<p>The most important watchtower is Torre Badum.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>The Serra d&#39;Irta is a karstic formation with numerous shafts and caves. It is a southern prolongation of the Catalan Pre-Coastal Range that formed 25 million years ago as part of the Alpine orogeny.</p><br>
<p>Geologically the section formed by the Serra dIrta - Santa Magdalena de Polpís/Alcalà de Xivert Valley - Talaies dAlcalà is very similar to the section formed by the Serra del Montsià - Ulldecona/Freginals Valley - Serra de Godall further north. These sets of parallel mountain ranges and valleys form the transition between the Catalan Mediterranean System and the Iberian System.</p><br>
<p>Desert de les Palmes , also known as Serra del Desert de les Palmes is an 18.8 km long mountain range in the Plana Alta comarca, Valencian Community, Spain. Its highest point is Bartolo .</p><br>
<p>The Ermita de La Magdalena 40&deg;02&prime;04&Prime;N latitude, 0&deg;00&prime;20&Prime;W longitude, an important church for Castellonenc people, is located on a hill at the southern end of the range. The Prime Meridian crosses the Desert de les Palmes roughly in the middle.</p><br>
<p>The Columbretes Islands can be seen on clear days in the horizon looking seaward from the Desert de les Palmes heights.</p><br>
<h2>Origin of the name</h2><br>
<p>Desert, the name of the range, originated in an ancient eremitical settlement or hermitage, known in Catalan as Desert, that was located in the mountain range.</p><br>
<p>Palmes on the other hand refers to the abundance of Chamaerops humilis palms in the range. Short, stocky, and growing in clumps, Chamaerops humilis is the only palm endemic to Europe.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>The Desert de les Palmes stretches in a NE - SW direction in the municipal terms of Benicàssim, Cabanes, La Pobla Tornesa, Borriol and Castelló de la Plana. It is located near the Mediterranean coastline, crossed by the highway between Barcelona and Valencia.</p><br>
<p>This mountain range has two ridges covered mostly with Maquis shrubland and low Mediterranean forest. There were two serious forest fires in 1985 and 1992.</p><br>
<p>Some of the peaks of the Desert de les Palmes are more jagged than the summits of other mountain ranges in the same system, like Serra dIrta or Talaies dAlcalà.</p><br>
<p>The castles of Montornés and Miravet date back to Moorish times and the Ermita de les Santes church was built in 1617. There are two ridges in the range, the Desert de les Palmes and the Serra de les Santes, the latter named after the Ermita de les Santes. The mountain range was declared a Nature Reserve by the Generalitat Valenciana in 1989 with the name Parc Natural del Desert de les Palmes.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>The Desert de les Palmes is located in the transition area between the Mediterranean System and the Iberian System that formed 25 million years ago as part of the Alpine orogeny.</p><br>
<p>Both the Desert de les Palmes and the Serra de les Santes are part of an anticline of paleozoic materials. Slate, as well as red triassic and grey jurassic and cretaceous rocks give the exposed areas of this mountain range striking colors.</p><br>
<p>Hjelm is a small Danish unpopulated island located in the Kattegat 10 km south-east from Ebeltoft.</p><br>
<p>In 2009, the island was included in Mols Bjerge National Park. Most of the island is privately owned.</p><br>
<p>The name Hjelm literally translates to Helmet in English. The island has also been referred to as Helm in English.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>There have been found evidence of human activity on Hjelm, as early as the Stone Ages, but it first entered Denmarks history in 1287, when the outlawed Marsk Stig fled to this barren island, after the murder of Erik Klipping the year before. The outlawed sought help and assistance from the Norwegian king Eric "Priest Hater" and he supplied them with a total of three fortresses, various fortifications, ships and troops. Recent archaeological excavations have revealed, that in the year of 1289 Marsk Stig and his men attacked and demolished the royal castle of Brattingsborg on the island of Samsø, just south of Hjelm.</p><br>
<p>With that neighbouring threat out of the way, the outlaws conducted piracy and counterfeiting from Hjelm until 1295. Marsk Stig died on the island in December 1293 of unknown causes, but it was not until 1306, that Erik Menved felt strong enough to take back the small island.</p><br>
<p>Today there is only an automated solar-powered lighthouse on Hjelm.</p><br>
<p>The Cervera Mountains  is an 18.8 km long mountain range in the Baix Maestrat comarca, Valencian Community, Spain. In some ancient texts these mountains are known as Serra d&#39;en Menor. Its highest point is Revoltons, 635 m. Other notable summits are Perdiguera, 516 m and Mola.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>The Cervera Mountains rise north of the Cervera del Maestrat town, south of Traiguera and east of La Jana. They are located in the transitional zone between the Mediterranean and the continental climate. In the winter the weather is colder than in the coastal mountain ranges and the summits are often covered in snow for a few days after each snowstorm.</p><br>
<p>The Our Lady of health shrine (Reial Santuari de Nostra Senyora de la Font de la Salut) which was first built in the 14th century is located on the eastern side of these mountains.</p><br>
<p>The mountains are mostly covered with Mediterranean Maquis shrubland. There are some patches of pine forest.</p><br>
<p>The Nathaniel Holcomb III House is a historic house at 45 Bushy Hill Road in Granby, Connecticut. It is locally significant as the residence of Nathaniel Holcomb III, a prominent resident, and as a well-preserved example of early 18th century residential construction.</p><br>
<h2>Holcomb family</h2><br>
<p>In 1679, John Talcott had a plan to "people" the Salmon Brook area. Only nine years earlier, the area, known as Massaco, had petitioned the colony and become the town of Simsbury. People were settling the central part of Simsbury and Talcott had plans to add settlers to the northern part of the town, know then as Salmon Brook (later to become Granby). He offered inducements to eleven families to relocate to Salmon Brook. Nathaniel Holcomb was not one of the eleven, as he was already living in the Salmon Brook area, thus becoming the first of the European settlers to the area.</p><br>
<p>Because of his experience in King Philip&#39;s War, Holcomb was asked to become one of the leaders of the "train band" in Simsbury.</p><br>
<p>Holcomb had a son, Nathaniel Junior, who also lived in the area. At one time he owed forty-one pounds to William Thrall of Windsor, which landed him in "gaol" when he could not play. Holcomb Junior "from thense breaking the gaol made him escape", but was tracked down by the sheriff.</p><br>
<p>A third-generation Holcomb, Nathaniel Holcomb III, built a house in on Bushy Hill road in 1720. At the time, he was 23 years old, had been married for three years, had one daughter, and another child on the way. Earlier, in 1716, the colony of Connecticut had appointed him lieutenant of the train band of "Symsbury".</p><br>
<h2>The House</h2><br>
<p>The house was originally constructed as a lean-to. Subsequent alteration were made, but the house was well-preserved interior and exterior details, including plasterwork, wood paneling, and original hardware. One distinction feature of the house are the "funeral doors". These doors open directly into a room, rather than a hallway, and are especially wide. This allows the "dignified" removal of a coffin, without the need to negotiate corners. Often, these doors were not used for any other purpose.</p><br>
<p>Chiquihuitillos is an archeological site located in the city and municipality of Mina in the Nuevo León State, México. In general throughout northeastern Mexico archaeological wealth is priceless. The site has impressive petroglyphs, is considered an important area in the regional context.</p><br>
<p>Where there is nothing, in the heart of the desert, within the limits of Mina, Villa Aldama and Bustamante, is one of the sites with the highest concentration of cave paintings in Mexico. This is Chiquihuitillos, a set of several hills containing a series of rocky shelters where ancient tribes painted impressive drawings in rock and imprinted elements of their cosmos view.</p><br>
<p>First, it is an important concentration of cave paintings and secondly the manifestations show similarities with a number of other contiguous sites in the region, so we can speak of a tradition</p><br>
<p>The area was formerly inhabited by native Alzapas, that spoke the Coahuilteco language. It is not certain how many people lived there, since it does not seem to be a residential place, rather seems to be a place for visitors and not residential, currently there is no water in the vicinity.</p><br>
<p>While it is true that these ancient tribes left no traces of pyramids, as it is the case of other mesoamerican cultures, however this heritage, provide new evidence for comprehension of the past.</p><br>
<p>Specialists coincide in the northeastern area has a different archaeological heritage, but just as important as the rest of the country. There is an erroneous perception that in the north there is nothing, and therefore has dismissed archaeological study of the cultural processes.</p><br>
<p>While the Chiquihuitillos cave painting are not pyramid structures, the importance and the monumentality of these painting manifestations of on ravines and cliffs is truly impressive.</p><br>
<h2>The Site</h2><br>
<p>Researchers say that the area was where ceremonies were performed and contemplated the stars, but with a unique referential style among anthropologists.</p><br>
<p>According to William Breen Murray (archaeologist and UDEM Professor), Chiquihuitillos represent one of the most important points of cave art manifestations in a regional context. “First it is an important concentration of cave paintings and second demonstrations show similarities with a number of other contiguous sites in the region, hence it can be discussed as a full fledge tradition”.</p><br>
<p>The paintings zone is very large, dominates much of the landscape in the surroundings of the site. The bottom of the Hill has thousands of rocks with petroglyphs.</p><br>
<p>There are petroglyphs in the base and the top of the plateau. There is no similarity between the paintings and the rock motifs, could very well belong to completely separate traditions and in general we would talk about the petroglyphs being older, but in this case, the paintings show specific similarities with cave paintings located in the Rio Grande, right at the Pecos River mouth.</p><br>
<p>The Pecos style is dated with some precision and goes back about four thousand years, approximate age of the paintings.</p><br>
<h2>Chiquihuitillos style</h2><br>
<p>The style is widely distributed in the region, in an area extending about 60 kilometers to the North, in the municipalities of Villa Aldama, Bustamante and Lampazos, as far as Candela in Coahuila. The immediate zone includes Mina, García and a place located in Ramos Arizpe.</p><br>
<p>Chiquihuitillos style is distinctive because the paintings are polychrome, with red, white, black, orange and yellow colors.</p><br>
<p>It is considered that some of the paintings are astronomical motifs, but as a whole, the place is not defined by astronomy as a whole.</p><br>
<p>Chiquihuitillos site represents one of the most important such demonstrations in a regional context in rock paintings, its name was given to a petroglyphs style. The style is widely distributed in the region.</p><br>
<h2>Cave Painting Exploration</h2><br>
<p>Northeast prehistory has been surrounded by mystery up to date; hence the book has the task of reproducing some of the lost pages. Collected articles reproduced finds of the last fifty years that reveal important aspects and seek recognition of the northeast rock art. Spanish work is combined - including original preparations for this compilation – with other translated from English, in some cases for the first time, giving access to Mexica researchers to these contributions. Northeast rock art demonstrates the value of scientific collaboration to overcome a political and cultural barrier that was defined in the 19th century, and which has no importance in the past, including prehistory.</p><br>
<p>The above information provides new regional prehistory perspectives. The discovery of the site is recognition of what was already there, but had been invisible for the notion that northeastern Mexican prehistory did not exist. Both villagers and archaeologists found remnants of Native Americans without value and little or no interest. Today we know that cave images offer almost intimate access to the lifestyle prevailing during the prehistory of the hunter-gatherer groups. Helps appreciate the knowledge generated by the direct dependence of nature and its use by means of simple but effective technology. Opens the view of a new and more complex prehistory, both in time and space.</p><br>
<p>The northeastern cave painting art covers two types of manifestations; rock engravings, also called petroglyphs, and cave paintings (pictogram or pictograph). A third type of cave painting art, are geoglyphs, thus far has not been detected in the region.</p><br>
<p>Petroglyphs are by far the most common. Used various techniques - such as picking and scraping - to make the figures, whether representing images, abstract symbols or simple marks on native rocks. On the other hand, cave painting uses natural pigments applied directly on rock surfaces and survives in protected areas, from destructive natural elements. Instruments used for the work can be from a single pointed stone to a feather pen or human finger, but the use of these instruments is transient and rarely recognizable in archaeological records.</p><br>
<p>In spite of different techniques, often engraving and painting are associated in the same places and represented motifs are repeated in both techniques. Clearly correspond to traditions or cultural activities related, that allow us to treat them both as northeastern rock art, a more precise explanation of their differences remains pending.</p><br>
<p>Cave painting art is found in all human occupied continents, it is a world heritage, as proclaimed by UNESCO. Its antiquity goes back to the dawn of human prehistory. In France and Spain, the most ancient cave paintings date back to thirty thousand years Before Present or BP.</p><br>
<h2>Cave Painting Art - Northeastern México</h2><br>
<p>In the American Continent, these manifestations occur from one end of the continent to the other and can be traced back to the first settlers. In northeastern Mexico, human occupation is confirmed at least to the end of the last Ice age, approximately 10,500 BP. Some sites have earlier occupations, Radiocarbon dated to the early archaic period in the Americas, as is the case in Boca de Potrerillos, in Mina, dating back to 7600 BP., and Cueva Ahumada, García, from 6000 BP. It cannot be safely claimed that cave art in Chiquihuitillos is as old, but there is a possibility.</p><br>
<p>Research by Dr. Solveig A. Turpin, found several cave sites with this style in the north of Coahuila, establishing its diffusion to the south, on the Mexican side of the border. The Chiquihuitillos style definition, the Chiquihuitillos pictographs in the Mexican northeast indicates differences found in Nuevo León cave painting, but also found other similarities resulting from Shamanism practices associated with peyote use in both areas.</p><br>
<p>Lake Valley is a 60-mile  long valley in northeast Lincoln County, Nevada. The North Lake Valley is an endorheic basin; South Lake Valley contains Patterson Wash, a northwest headwater tributary to the Meadow Valley Wash; the northeast headwater section of Meadow Valley Wash is a shorter drainage coming from the south of the Wilson Creek Range, the northeast border of South Lake Valley.</p><br>
<p>The water divide between the North & South sub-valleys is about halfway between both sections. Squaw Knoll is on the east crest of the water divide; the valley&#39;s water divide is part of the Great Basin Divide of southeast Nevada.</p><br>
<p>About 6 mi of the North Lake Valley extends into south White Pine County.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<h3>Squaw Knoll and Pony Springs, Nevada</h3><br>
<p>Pony Springs, Nevada is adjacent the water divide which separates the North and South Lake Valleys. At the divide the valley narrows to only about 2.5 mi, as Squaw Knoll, 6,544 ft, is on the divides east. The water divide, and center of both valley sub-regions, is about 7 mi southeast of Pony Springs. The town is located on USA 93 which traverses the entire mountain foothills of the valleys western perimeter. The highway leaves South Lake Valley at Pioche in the mountains, then turns due south. Route 93 travels north beyond North Lake Valley to meet USA Route 50 in Nevada, about 25 mi further.</p><br>
<h3>North Lake Valley, endorheic</h3><br>
<p>North Lake Valley only contains flatlands; the North Valley is slightly narrower than the South Valley, and only about 9 mi at its widest. The North Valley is due north-south trending, and bordered on the east by the short, and narrow, north-south Fortification Range, which lies at the extreme southeast of the extensive north-south Spring Valley.</p><br>
<h3>South Lake Valley</h3><br>
<p>South Lake Valley is about a 30 mi long stretch until it reaches Hamlight Canyon and the Meadow Valley Wash; the southeast-trending part is about 20 mi. Patterson Wash drains south, and then southeast along the west of the valley&#39;s center. It originates at the north-south water divide, and its origin lies due east of the Fairview Range, the small range on the center-west water divide perimeter. Patterson Wash then drains due southeast along the northeast of the Bristol Range, past Pioche and intercepts Meadow Valley Wash 5 mi further.</p><br>
<p>Bannock Pass is a high mountain pass in the Beaverhead Mountains, part of the Bitterroot Range in the Rocky Mountains. The pass lies on the Montana-Idaho border on the Continental Divide, at an elevation of 7,684 ft above sea level.</p><br>
<p>The pass is crossed by a road (Idaho State Highway 29 and Montana Secondary Highway 324) from Leadore, Idaho to Dillon, Montana.</p><br>
<p>Bannock Pass should not be confused with the similarly named Bannack Pass, about 33 mi to the southeast, which is also in the Beaverhead Mountains, on the Montana-Idaho border, and on the Continental Divide, and which has virtually the same elevation (7,679 ft).</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Bannock Pass is named for the Bannock Native American people.</p><br>
<p>In 1909 and 1910 the Gilmore and Pittsburgh Railroad was constructed through the area. In order to keep the grades manageable, the railroad used a switchback on each side of the ridge and bored a tunnel under the summit somewhat east of the current highway crossing. The railroad was abandoned in 1939.</p><br>
<p>The Lustron Houses of Jermain Street Historic District is located along that street in Albany, New York, United States. It consists of five prefabricated homes built by the Lustron Corporation after World War II. It was recognized as a historic district and listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2009.</p><br>
<p>Lustron&#39;s homes were used to provide inexpensive homes for veterans returning from the war. The company was never able to fully deliver on its early promises of high volume, and only produced the houses for a year. Many of the 2,600 that were produced remain today. The Jermain Street houses, four of which remain largely as they were when first manufactured, are the largest intact contiguous group in the state.</p><br>
<h2>Houses</h2><br>
<p>The five houses, which are numbered 1, 3, 5, 7 and 8 Jermain Street, occupy lots averaging 0.15 acre in size, for a total area of 0.72 acre. Four of the five are on the east side. All except 1 Jermain are intact enough to be considered contributing properties to the district&#39;s historic character.</p><br>
<p>Jermain Street is a short residential side street between Washington and Lincoln Avenues in the Melrose section of western Albany. The district is located near Jermain&#39;s southern terminus, where it intersects Washington immediately east of the overpass at the New York State Route 85 freeway, just south of Interstate 90. Beyond it on the south side of Washington, is the main campus of the State University of New York at Albany. Westland Hills Park is to the north. The neighborhoods to the east are predominantly residential, filled with houses built in the latter half of the 20th century.</p><br>
<p>The terrain is generally level and a few tall, mature trees grow amidst the houses. South of 8 Jermain Street, the west side of Jermain is vacant, sloping down to the freeway. The northern section of the street has small pattern houses in the Colonial Revival style.</p><br>
<p>All five houses in the district are one-story Westchester Deluxe models on concrete slab foundations, approximately 1,085 ft&sup2; in area, sided in square porcelain enameled steel panels (except for 1 Jermain) with aluminum casement windows and topped with shallow-pitched gable steel roofs. Some have been altered or expanded; a detached garage built later is in the rear of 7 Jermain Street.</p><br>
<p>The southernmost of the houses is 1 Jermain Street, at the corner with Washington Avenue. It has had its exterior panels, originally in Lustron&#39;s Surf Blue color, replaced. The only aspect of the original building remaining is the roof and general form. It is therefore not considered a contributing property.</p><br>
<p>Next to it is 3 Jermain Street, which retains the same color paneling. It has been placed perpendicular to the street so its entrance is on the side. It has had an open carport added and its porch enclosed. Next door, 5 Jermain has had its Dove Gray panels partially painted. Windows have been replaced but are generally in keeping with the original. The porch has been enclosed with jalousie windows. The zigzag downspout, a distinctive Lustron touch, is intact.</p><br>
<p>At 7 Jermain, the house is parallel to the street. The porch has been similarly enclosed and the windows replaced with double-hung sash. Its paneling is Maize Yellow, and the zigzag downspout is still present. Additions have been made to the rear, and a detached concrete block garage has been built. Neither are considered contributing. The additions were slightly damaged in a 2009 fire. Across the street, 8 Jermain, in Desert Tan, retains many original features, but not the zigzag downspout.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Jermain Street Lustron houses were built as part of a larger group during the manufacturer&#39;s brief existence in 1949. In subsequent years, several were removed to make way for a road project, and various alterations were made to the houses themselves.</p><br>
<h3>1949–50: Construction</h3><br>
<p>Carl Strandlund, an engineer with 150 patents, came up with the idea for enameled steel prefabricated homes during World War II, when he worked for a Chicago company that made vitreous enamel products, initially kitchenware, but later, architectural paneling used on some gas stations and restaurants, in particular, early White Castle outlets. After a conversation with Wilson Wyatt, director of the Federal Housing Administration (FHA), he set up the Lustron Corporation in 1947 with the help of $12 million ($ in modern dollars) in federal loans. President Harry S Truman, who had appointed Wyatt, was concerned about the possible shortage of housing, as many men were due to leave the military in the coming years with the war over, yet there had been virtually no new residential construction since it had started in 1941.</p><br>
<p>In Albany, the Upstate Construction Company was developing the Jermain and Victor Street blocks. In 1948, it ordered eight Lustron Westchester Deluxe houses for the former, a change from its original plans. The city at first denied a building permit for the homes, since there was no provision for prefabricated structures in its building code, but changed its mind on appeal in early 1949 after Upstate shared an FHA bulletin on the homes. The first two Lustron houses erected in Albany were 7 Jermain Street and 355 S. Main Street, both in expanding suburban areas of the city.</p><br>
<p>Lustron set up its first factory in a disused aircraft plant in Columbus, Ohio. It took until 1949 for the first house to come off the assembly line, designed by Strandlund to reduce the necessary production time from 1,600 man-hours to 350. Model homes were erected in several locations around the country, including midtown Manhattan, where 60,000 visitors toured it in two weeks. Deluxe editions included several pieces of built-in steel furniture, and a combination washing machine and dishwasher in the kitchen. The company boasted of their minimal maintenance, imperviousness to fire, flood, decay and vermin, and advertised them as "The House America&#39;s Been Waiting For" and "The House of Tomorrow".</p><br>
<p>It sold homes through independent dealerships in a manner similar to automobile manufacturers. One was established in Albany; it is not clear if this was owned by Upstate or not. Dealers were required to pay Lustron in cash for the houses, then bear the costs of shipping themselves. The houses arrived on a truck specially designed for the purpose by Lustron on which the parts were stored in the order they would be unloaded for assembly. A trained crew of workers could put one up within a week.</p><br>
<p>The remaining seven Lustrons Upstate had bought for Jermain Street were all erected later in 1949. Nancy Danforth Norfleet, who moved into 8 Jermain as a young girl with her family, remembers she and her sister being teased by friends and schoolmates about living in a steel house. "They said if you forgot your house keys, you could use a can opener to get into the house." Her mother, she recalls, was sold on the house by the built-in steel furniture, particularly the vanity.</p><br>
<p>The Jermain Street Lustrons were profitable enough that the company bought another group for property it was developing in Loudonville, a northern suburb of Albany. One of its executives bought one for his own residence in East Greenbush, another suburb.</p><br>
<p>The heavy federal subsidies Lustron received put it under close scrutiny and criticism, especially from builders of traditional houses and the unions they employed. The company was unable to deliver either the volume or affordability Strandlund had promised. At its peak, the factory turned out 20 houses a day, far short of the hundred expected, and those houses cost $10,000 ($ in modern dollars) apiece, more than a new timber frame house of the period rather the $6,500 ($ in modern dollars) Strandlund had expected, a price that had to be added to the value of the underlying land. Its relations with dealers were also difficult, owing to the requirement dealers pay in cash and bear the shipping costs themselves.</p><br>
<p>Critical stories appeared in the press, and the diversification of the product line into smaller Newports and larger Meadowbrooks did not help the companys worsening situation. Early in 1950, a Senate committee held hearings on the problems faced by Lustrons dealers. Upstate, which had bucked the trend by making money on their Lustron developments to the point that they planned two more in Albany, sent a supportive telegram to be read into the record, saying it was prepared to build 300 Lustron houses in the coming year. If the company was allowed to continue, "success was assured", it said.</p><br>
<p>But Upstate&#39;s support did not stop the government from foreclosing on Lustron, to which it had by then loaned $37.5 million ($ in modern dollars). Production stopped in June of that year. Less than 2,600 Lustron houses had been shipped. Plans for two more Lustron enclaves along Hackett Boulevard in Albany were canceled, since the houses would never be built.</p><br>
<h3>1950–present: Neighborhood changes and preservation</h3><br>
<p>After Lustron&#39;s demise, the houses on Jermain Street remained as the families that had moved into them grew. The properties evolved like any other houses. A detached concrete garage was added to the rear of 7 Jermain in 1952.</p><br>
<p>The most significant change to the neighborhood following the construction of the houses occurred in 1960. That year, as part of a larger scheme to expand the city of Albany&#39;s limited-access road network, in conjunction with the construction of Interstate 90 north of the city, Route 85 was expanded and extended into the western section of what was to be called the Crosstown Arterial. The construction of the freeway and its interchange with Washington Avenue required taking the property at 2, 4 and 6 Jermain Street. The full freeway scheme was never completed, but the eminent domain proceedings for the three lots were completed in 1961.</p><br>
<p>Instead of being demolished, the houses were moved elsewhere. One is on Pinehurst Avenue, a few blocks away. Another is believed to have been moved to Adams Avenue in Cohoes, north of Albany. The third has not been accounted for.</p><br>
<p>In 1966 and 1970, the expansions were built on the rear of 7 Jermain. At 3 Jermain, the porch was enclosed in 1981. The other alterations were made to the other houses at some point during the late 20th century. Nancy Norfleet inherited the house at 8 Jermain from her father, and eventually bought 5 Jermain as well, where her son lives. At the end of the 20th century, as Lustron houses became an object of renewed interest and historic preservation efforts, she has served as a source about the neighborhood and the houses.</p><br>
<p>The South End–Groesbeckville Historic District is located in part of the neighborhood of that name in Albany, New York, United States. It is a 26-block area south of the Mansion and Pastures neighborhoods with a mix of residential and commercial properties. In 1984 it was recognized as a historic district and listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>For several decades after the city&#39;s founding in the late 17th century, it was an undeveloped area. In 1761 General Philip Schuyler built his house there. Today it is a National Historic Landmark, the oldest building in the district and the only contributing property in the district individually listed on the National Register.</p><br>
<p>As the city grew following the opening of the Erie Canal in the early 19th century, development did not reach the South End immediately, save for an early toll road, now South Pearl Street (part of New York State Route 32) built in the first years of the 19th century, which later became the backbone of the South End and remains important. Planned streets for the neighborhood were included in Albanys grid pattern as early as 1818. They were built in the middle of the century, and by the 1870s the district had begun to grow rapidly, fueled by German immigrants, a group still closely associated with the South End and the first of several waves of immigrants to leave their mark on it. Irish Americans would also consider it theirs even as they dispersed to other parts of the city, and one native of the district, Daniel P. OConnell, grew up to become boss of the city&#39;s Democratic political machine well into the 20th century, using a now-demolished building in the district as his headquarters.</p><br>
<p>It is the only large area of Albany predating the 20th century where houses were largely built by the future occupants one at a time, rather than in large sets of speculative houses by developers (as one later historian put it " wasnt planned, it just grew"), resulting in great architectural variety. The hamlet of Groesbeckville in the neighboring Town of Bethlehem, which at the time was just to the south, grew along similar lines and was soon absorbed into the city, the first expansion of its southern boundary. The new neighborhood became the first home for many of the immigrant groups that would populate Albany into the 20th century, including African Americans dislocated by urban renewal elsewhere in the city. Today it remains largely intact (only 13 of the districts 520 buildings, or 2.5%, were, at the time of listing, non-contributing) but struggles with the effects of urban decay. A neighborhood association has worked with the city to develop a revitalization plan.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>While the South End is generally taken to refer to a large area of Albany, including almost everything south of downtown and Lincoln Park to the citys southern limit, the district covers a smaller 57 acre area that mostly resembles a slightly bent rectangle, mirroring a bend that once existed in the Hudson River shoreline and marked the citys original southern boundary. It has protrusions at several points, particularly on the east. Within is all the land between Elizabeth and South Pearl (New York State Route 32) streets going north-south and Morton and Second avenues going east-west. The terrain is generally level, since most of the district is on the flood plain of the Hudson River to the east. There are some gentle rises on the west, remnants of the many ravines through which small creeks once flowed to the river.</p><br>
<p>To the north, separated by a block, are the Mansion and Pastures historic districts, also considered part of the South End in the broader sense, on the west and east respectively of South Pearl. East, Interstate 787 a block east of South Pearl and some modern housing projects divide the South End from Albanys old waterfront, among its buildings the A. Mendelson and Son Company Building, also listed, and the newer facilities of the Port of Albany–Rensselaer to the southeast. Directly south and west of the district are similar blocks of residential buildings, albeit with less historical integrity. North of Morton are some other institutional buildings, including a church and Albanys Criminal Court building.</p><br>
<p>The district boundary follows a combination of lot lines and streets. Its most easily described portion begins at 298 South Pearl Street and follows the west side of that street north for approximately a quarter-mile (500 m) to the north end of the parking lot on the east side between Fourth Avenue and Alexander Street. It turns east then south down St. Anns Place and across Fourth to exclude the parking lot yet include Public Bath No. 2 and St. Anns/St. John&#39;s Church buildings.</p><br>
<p>It then turns east, following the churchs rear lot line and then crossing Franklin Street to Vine Street including the old Fire Engine No. 5 building. Then it turns north along a rear lot line, taking in "Foleys Row" of houses along Franklin and St. Anns/St. Johns Center on the northeast corner of Fourth and Franklin before returning to Franklin. It follows that street north to turn east again along the lot line in the middle of the block between Plum and Bassett streets, then back south along that same lot&#39;s line to Plum. After following the street east for another lot, it turns south to include all the lots on the south side of Plum to Green Street, the easternmost reach of the district.</p><br>
<p>From there, it goes north up Green and then west along Bassett, returning to its northward course at Franklin. It detours onto property lines to exclude the vacant lot at Franklin and Schuyler Street, then returns to the latter, excluding the modern Giffen Memorial Elementary School building. At the next intersection, it follows South Pearl north to the district&#39;s northeastern corner, just short of Morton Avenue.</p><br>
<p>It follows property lines west and south across that block and Broad Street, excluding some modern government buildings such as a new fire station, Albanys Criminal Court and the local Department of Motor Vehicles office. At Clinton Street it turns north again to return to Morton. It follows this approximately 800 ft west to the districts northwestern corner at 84 Morton, on the street&#39;s south side two lots east of the Eagle Street intersection.</p><br>
<p>After another eastward lurch along the back lines 84 and 86 Morton, it turns south along a side lot line to cross Catherine Street and the next block. At Osborne Street it turns east, following it to the rear line of the properties on the west side of Elizabeth Street. It continues this way for another two blocks, turning back towards Elizabeth at 59, two lots south of Alexander Street.</p><br>
<p>At Third Avenue it turns west to take in the properties at 76–82 Third, then goes down their side and rear lines to the rear lines of the lots on Elizabeth. It follows them south to the rear lines of the houses on Second Avenue, whereupon it returns to Elizabeth and follows it across the Second intersection. Briefly following Krank Avenue, it then turns along the rear lines along the south side of Second, past Odell and Benjamin to Broad. It turns south along that street and then east to reach the southern end of the district back at 298 South Pearl.</p><br>
<p>Within this boundary are 520 buildings; all but 13 of which are contributing properties to the districts historic character. Most are two- or three-story vernacular brick or timber frame houses, in a variety of 19th-century styles, particularly Greek Revival, Italianate and Eastlake. The exception is South Pearl, the districts commercial backbone since development began. There are a few institutional buildings, primarily churches but also some schools as well as the fire station, scattered around the district. Some streets and intersections retain their original brick or cobblestone paving.</p><br>
<p>All open space comes in the form of vacant lots. There are no parks in the district although there are several nearby, such as Lincoln Park to the northwest and Krank Park to the southwest. The baseball fields of Bishop Maginn High School also immediately abut the district on its west.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>For much of Albanys early years, from its colonial beginnings to well past independence, the South End was part of the city only politically, its only development being the rough road to the south that went through it. General Philip Schuylers mid-18th century decision to build a mansion on his lands there was the first development of any kind. Later, after his death, the Erie Canal and its related industrial development brought so many immigrants to the area that the city had to expand its boundaries, making the South End an End in name only.</p><br>
<h3>1686–1761: Colonial era</h3><br>
<p>When Dutch colonists first established their colonial capital in the mid-17th century, it was clustered around Fort Orange. A stockade enclosed the small village of Beverwijck that grew up around it, delineating the area roughly corresponding to what is today downtown Albany. When the area passed into British control following the Second Anglo-Dutch War, it was renamed Albany. In 1686 the stockaded settlement became a city with the granting of the Dongan Charter, the oldest city charter in continuous use in North America. It fixed Albanys initial municipal boundaries, establishing the southern city limit at the northern tip of what is today Castle Island, corresponding roughly to Gansevoort Street on todays map.</p><br>
<p>During the first half of the 18th century, the city remained confined to its stockade, on guard against attacks from the French to the north. Just outside the city to the south were common pasturelands owned by the Dutch Reformed Church. Beyond them ran only a road to the south, a route now followed by South Pearl Street.</p><br>
<p>By the middle of the 18th century, tensions between the British and the French in North America, mirroring those between their parent countries, twice exploded into war. in 1760, as the second of these, the French and Indian War, corresponding to the Seven Years&#39; War in Europe, appeared likely to be resolved with the defeat of the French, General Philip Schuyler began accumulating property to the south of the Pastures. The following year he began construction of a house on his land.</p><br>
<h3>1762–1825: Schuyler years</h3><br>
<p>Schuyler oversaw the construction from England, where he was tending to military affairs with his mentor, John Bradstreet, and choosing much of the houses interior finishings there. It was a brick Georgian structure, the first full-size structure in that style built in Albany, with many of the latest amenities and designs. Situated on a bluff overlooking the river, city and Schuylers 80 acre, the house he called "The Pasture" was the most elaborate built in Albany at the time, and remained so for many years afterwards.</p><br>
<p>During the ensuing years of the Revolution Schuylers mansion was host to some of its notable personalities. After being taken prisoner following the Continental Armys victory at the Battle of Saratoga, British General John Burgoyne and his staff were Schuylers houseguests. George Washington visited, leading the city to rename the road down to the mansion Washington Street. In 1780, Washingtons aide Alexander Hamilton married Schuyler&#39;s daughter Elizabeth on the grounds. The following year, even as the Patriot victory loomed, Loyalist forces raided the house in an attempt to kidnap Schuyler.</p><br>
<p>Schuyler lived out the remainder of his days there, continuing his public service as both a state and USA senator. Upon his death in 1804, the property was subdivided into smaller lots which were gradually sold off by his children. They were largely leased out as pastures since the city did not yet need to expand to that point, and the land east of Washington flooded in the spring. Washington Street nevertheless became part of the Bethlehem Turnpike toll road incorporated that year; by 1818 paper streets in the area had been included in the city&#39;s grid plan.</p><br>
<p>Some development took place along Washington Street north of Alexander in those early years. A few houses, such as the mildly detailed brick house at 395, remain from this time. The earliest hints of the area&#39;s future as an immigrant neighborhood began with some Irish settling in that area. Bassett Street was home to a small community of free African Americans, and there was enough of a Jewish presence that a group was meeting for services there in 1838.</p><br>
<h3>1826–1850: Early development</h3><br>
<p>It was the 1825 opening of the Erie Canal that began to spur the growth the city had been preparing for. It expanded both north and south of downtown. By 1840 the Pastures had been sufficiently built out, assuming its present character, and development moved to the South End. Over the next 20 years, as Albany&#39;s population doubled, many immigrants came to the city for work in the factories that went up along the river. They found housing in the nearby South End. Local historian C.R. Roseberry later described South Pearl Street as</p><br>
<p>The growth was such that the brickyards that had originally populated the blocks west of Alexander Street due to the quality clay and excellent drainage were gone completely by 1857, replaced by houses.</p><br>
<p>Like most of the citys other neighborhoods that grew during this period, the new housing of the South End took the form of attached rowhouses. Unlike the other neighborhoods, the construction of those houses was largely paid for by those who intended to live in them, instead of by developers building large groups of speculative housing. Foleys Row, the timber frame Greek Revival group at 159–169 Franklin Street, which was almost completely developed by 1850, is a rare example of that type within the district. Since residents worked and shopped near their houses, the neighborhood was pedestrian-friendly, with narrow streets and small-scale buildings. Along with its bending and non-parallel streets, this has led to it being described as having a European feel.</p><br>
<p>This pattern of building, which continued as the neighborhood grew throughout the rest of the century, resulted in a great deal of architectural diversity within individual blocks. For example, the 1895 house at 135 Clinton Street is brick with stone trim, while next door 137, built a quarter-century earlier, is a five-bay brick Italianate rowhouse with arched windows, a decorative cornice and metal sills, and nearby are older frame rowhouses with bracketed cornices next to contemporary brownstones. Despite these differences, many of the rowhouses remain alike in overall form.</p><br>
<p>The immigrant group most strongly identified with this group were Germans. At late as the early 1850s there were still very few, but more started coming as a consequence of the failed Revolutions of 1848. By the end of the Civil War the South End had many businesses and organizations catering to that population, most notably the 1857 German Evangelical Protestant Church at Alexander and Clinton streets, still a district landmark. Other immigrant groups would come to the South End, but the Germans remained concentrated there for a century.</p><br>
<h3>1851–1885: Melting pot</h3><br>
<p>Growth spilled past the citys southern boundary, into Groesbeckville, an unincorporated hamlet of the Town of Bethlehem. It went from almost no residents in 1845 to over a thousand ten years later. Its streets, too, were organized on a grid pattern, but one slightly offset from Albanys, a pattern still visible today. By the 1860s, residents of the hamlet were being listed in Albanys city directory and considered themselves socially and culturally to be part of the city. In 1870 their petition to make this a legal and political reality was accepted and the citys boundary was extended a mile (1.6 km) to the south, to its present location along the Normans Kill, creating the area of Albany known as the First Ward.</p><br>
<p>Irish immigrants, too, were settling in the South End. Unlike the Germans, they did not stay in the area; once they grew prosperous, they moved to those areas of the city they could then afford to live in. Even after St. Anns Church was established as the neighborhoods parish church in 1867, many of the Irish continued to worship at either the Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception north of the Mansion District or St. Johns, in the Pastures. But they retained a sentimental attachment to the South End, and Daniel P. OConnell, boss of the citys Democratic political machine for most of the 20th century, worked out of his fathers tavern at Fourth and South Pearl even though he and his family, too, had moved elsewhere in the city.</p><br>
<p>In the last two decades of the century, Jews from Eastern Europe arrived in the South End. While their synagogues and other cultural institutions were located in other neighborhoods to the north, many were tradesmen who established shops on South Pearl and other streets. Development that may have been a response to that influx took place primarily to the south and west of the established blocks, in the blocks between Second and Third that had been laid out when they were still Groesbeckville, and the blocks west of Elizabeth Street. As had happened elsewhere in the city when similar areas along the bluff overlooking the river had been developed, the ravines were filled in and the streams that flowed through them diverted or buried in tunnels, a move which lessened the flooding closer to the river.</p><br>
<p>Italianate rowhouses so defined the neighborhood that the industrial building at 50 Morton Avenue, on the western corner with Elizabeth Street, had its facade along that street done to mimic five rowhouses. The actual houses built during this era, however, began to break with the Greek Revival and Italianate traditions that had marked their pre-1870s neighbors. Their cornices were less likely to be carved ornately, and their facades featured more bay and oriel windows. Decorative touches characteristic of this era can be seen in the district on South Pearl. The building at 336 has Adamesque wreaths and other classically-inspired detailing while nearby 329 has intricately textured brickwork. Several others on the street have rock-faced lintels or semi-circular attic windows.</p><br>
<h3>1886–1929: Institutions</h3><br>
<p>In 1886, following an outbreak of eye disease at an orphanage run by the Daughters of Charity of Saint Vincent de Paul, some of the sisters and the sick children moved into the Schuyler Mansion. The order and the orphanage continued to use it for another 27 years, until the state bought it in 1913 for conversion into its present use as a historic site, which it has been since 1917. This institutional use of the district&#39;s original building heralded a new era for the South End. By the 20th century it was adequately supplied with housing and churches; now it was time for larger structures meant for the general welfare.</p><br>
<p>Public School No. 17, at Second and Stephen Street, had been the South End&#39;s first such building in 1875. Its architecture echoed the Italianate rowhouses around it, with a corbelled cornice and raised basement. The next school, Public School No. 1, went up at Bassett and Franklin in 1889. It made rare use, for both the district and public school buildings, of the Moorish Revival style.</p><br>
<p>In the first decade of the new century many more large institutional buildings went up. The city built Public Bath No. 2 and Engine House No. 5 on Fourth between South Pearl and Franklin in the 1904–05 period. Across the street, St. Ann&#39;s matched it with a large convent in 1908. All these buildings showed at least the influence of the newer Colonial Revival style. Sometime during this period, the Arts and Crafts-style apartment building at 82–84 Morton went up. In 1929, the district came full circle when its youngest contributing property, the John B. Howe Branch Library, was built in an unrestrained embrace of that style at the northeast corner of Clinton and Schuyler, its design meant to complement the Schuyler Mansion across the street.</p><br>
<p>During this era the demographics of the neighborhood continued their shifts. In the first two decades of the 20th century Italian immigrants began to make their presence felt in the South End. Other than their residence there, however, they had no lasting impact on the neighborhood since their community and its cultural institutions were concentrated in the Mansion District to the north, where most of Albany&#39;s Italian population had settled upon their arrival.</p><br>
<h3>1930–present: Preservation and renewal</h3><br>
<p>Beginning in 1930, with the Great Depression, it seems that the descendants of the original German immigrants who had settled the South End almost a century earlier began moving out. Albany had grown enough by the late 19th century that it began expanding to the west along its streetcar lines and, later, prime automobile routes. Affluent residents of the older neighborhoods close to downtown began moving to these newer, more suburban neighborhoods with their larger lots and detached houses. By 1950, however, it was clear that the Germans were moving out.</p><br>
<p>In one way the South End remained important to the city. Daniel P. OConnell, born there in 1885, had served a term as Albany County Assessor from 1919–21. Afterwards, he became chairman of the citys Democratic committee, seeing through its takeover of city government. He soon became boss of a machine that controlled the city until his death in the late 1970s. His family&#39;s tavern at Fourth and South Pearl became known as "Little City Hall."</p><br>
<p>After midcentury, another group of migrants arrived in the neighborhood. Most African Americans who had come to Albany in the Great Migration of the 1920s had settled in Arbor Hill, where the quality houses of the Ten Broeck Triangle that had once been home to the citys wealthy were becoming cheaper as the wealthy moved west or to the suburbs. Thus affected and repopulated, that neighborhood began to suffer from neglect and declined. The citys response was small-scale urban renewal, and black residents displaced by the demolitions that required moved to the South End.</p><br>
<p>In 1971 OConnell, advancing in years, had his fathers old tavern at Fourth and South Pearl, long the center of city politics, demolished rather than see it bought or rented by someone else.</p><br>
<p>By the time Corning died in 1983, the neighborhood had become half African American. Residents formed a neighborhood association to lobby for their interests at City Hall. Urban decay affected the South End, and some buildings had to be demolished or abandoned. In 2007 the city demolished 43–53 Alexander Street after one of the buildings flooded. Four years later, in 2011, Habitat For Humanity proposed an ambitious project to rebuild them as a template for the revitalization of the entire neighborhood.</p><br>
<h2>Significant contributing properties</h2><br>
<p>Only one property in the district has so far been listed individually on the National Register, although it is also designated a National Historic Landmark. Among the remaining 519 buildings, 506 (or 97.5% of the total) are considered contributing properties. Some of them are notable within the larger context of the district.</p><br>
<h3>National Historic Landmark</h3><br>
<p>Schuyler Mansion, 32 Catherine Street. Philip Schuyler built this seven-by-four-bay Georgian mansion in what was then undeveloped woodland near the city&#39;s south boundary in 1761. He chose most of its interior finishes personally on extended trips to England. During the Revolutionary War, Schuyler had captured British general John Burgoyne and his staff as houseguests; George Washington would later pay a visit. After a period of use as an orphanage it has been a state historic site since 1917.</p><br>
<h3>Other contributing properties</h3><br>
<p>Apartment Building at 82–84 Morton Avenue. One of the few residential structures in the district built in the early 20th century, this Arts and Crafts three-story brick structure features projecting bays on either side with multipaned casement windows. The two main entrances in the center feature double doors in an arched entryway.</p><br>
<p>Building at 395 South Pearl Street. This three-story three-bay building of brick laid in Flemish bond with a projecting cornice, remodeled storefront and stone lintels dates to 1832, making it one of the few survivors from the district&#39;s pre-immigration era.</p><br>
<p>Building at 465 South Pearl Street. A historical marker out front at the Second Avenue intersection commemorates the 1885 birth of Daniel P. OConnell, boss of the citys political machine that thrived late into the 20th century, in this four-story, four-bay brick Italianate commercial-residential building that was probably built in 1875. Uncle Dan&#39;s Diner, in the ground floor, takes its name from him.</p><br>
<p>Building at 80 Morton Avenue. The three-story, three-bay yellow brick structure dating to the early 20th century shows some Georgian Revival influence. Its facade features stone quoins, splayed voussoir lintels on the one-over-one double-hung sash, and a wooden bracketed cornice.</p><br>
<p>Engine Co. No. 5, 88 Fourth Avenue. This former firehouse was the first serving the South End specifically when it was built in 1905 to house horse-drawn firefighting vehicles. It is an ornate two-story three-by-five-bay brick building on a sandstone foundation with stone trim. On the north (front) facade is the original hinged wooden doors Today it is the Outreach Center for St. Johns/St. Anns across the street.</p><br>
<p>Foley Row, 159–169 Franklin Street. This row of six attached Greek Revival gabled timber frame houses, each three bays wide with brick foundations, simple wooden lintels and clapboard siding, dates to 1851. It is one of the few groups of properties in the districts built speculatively by a developer rather than the ultimate residents.</p><br>
<p>German Evangelical Protestant Church and Rectory, 76–78 Clinton Street. The spire of this 1857 Gothic Revival brick and stone church is a symbol of the South End and the early German immigrant population. To its south is the 1926 rectory, also brick, two stories high and four bays wide. Its west (front) facade features stone trim, strips of casement windows on both stories and an oblique peak along the roof parapet in which a stone cross has been set.</p><br>
<p>Jared Holt Wax Works, 111 Broad Street. A curved parapet reaching 8 ft above the roofline at its center is the decorative highlight of this brick industrial building from the last years of the 19th century. It has recently been converted into housing.</p><br>
<p>John A. Howe Branch Library, 105 Schuyler Street. The Georgian Revival style was used for this 1929 building to complement the nearby Schuyler Mansion. It is a one-story, nine-bay structure of brick in Flemish bond on a raised basement, set off by a stone water table with a projecting central entrance pavilion, narrow arched Palladian windows set with 12-over-23 double-hung sash, separated by pilasters topped by scroll-carved stones. On the roof is a stone balustrade with carved pineapple finials. Inside are many of the original oak finishings and furniture. The children&#39;s room has a fireplace with stone tiles telling the story of Rip Van Winkle.</p><br>
<p>Mt. Calvary Baptist Church, 58 Alexander Street. Built in the late 1860s, this is the only remaining wood-frame church in the city of Albany. It is a two-story clapboard-sided building with a gabled roof that slopes slightly at either side of, creating broad overhanging eaves along the side elevations. On the north (front) face, it is met at the corners by slightly projecting wooden pilasters, suggesting a lingering Greek Revival influence. The lancet arched windows are complemented by a gabled front entrance porch. Atop is a small conical steeple with a wooden cross at its peak.</p><br>
<p>Mount Zion Baptist Church, 86 Schuyler Street. South End resident Charles Heidrich designed and built this Victorian Gothic structure in 1893. The brick structure has stone trim and two octagonal front turrets flanking a central bell tower, echoed by a gabled central portion on the second story with stained glass rosette window and a gabled hood over the main entrance supported by two smooth round Ionic columns on either side.</p><br>
<p>Public Bath No. 2, 90 Fourth Avenue. Adjacent to the Engine Co. 5 firehouse, it was built at the same time. It is a two-story buff brick and stone building with a pediment along the bracketed cornice over its main entrance and round-arched windows. Above the entrance is a recessed porch; inside it retains much of its original heating system and other features.</p><br>
<p>Public School No. 1, 71–77 Bassett Street. This 2½-story 15-bay brick former school building, dating to 1889, uses the Moorish Revival style, one of its rare appearances in Albany. It is most evident in the recessed main entry, with a Middle Eastern-style segmented arch surrounded by glass tiles with the school sign and gate of ornate iron, considered some of the best architectural detailing in the city.</p><br>
<p>Public School No. 17, 43 Second Avenue. No longer in use, this three-story ten-by-four-bay brick structure is built into the slope at the top of Stephen Street, revealing its brownstone foundation at the north and east sides. Brick pilasters rise to the corbelled flat roof with unusual projecting round arches. Along the south facade are two gabled entrance porches whose arches have radiating stone voussoirs. When built in 1875 it was the first major institutional building in the South End.</p><br>
<p>St. Johns/St Anns Church Complex, 88 Fourth Avenue. The Gothic brick church with stone trim, a gabled side tower and an arcaded eastern porch is the oldest of these three, dating to 1867. In the decade after it, the neighboring Victorian Gothic rectory was built, probably after a fire destroyed the original one. It is brick with stone courses, recessed windows and an entrance tower with peaked roof in polychrome slate. Completing the set is the St. John&#39;s Center, also in brick with stone trim, built as a convent in 1908.</p><br>
<p>Sunrise Tavern, 48 Delaware Street. The 1930 construction date of this two-story brick commercial-residential building makes it the youngest contributing property in the district. It features a corner entry on the half-timbered storefront (now a church) with a corner entry for traffic on Elizabeth Street. The second floor of the north facade has an oriel window.</p><br>
<p>Warehouse at 50 Morton Avenue. The east facade of this industrial building, dating to 1885, was decorated to look like four Italianate rowhouses. They all have bracketed wooden cornices, ornate cast iron window and door hoods and recessed doors. The interior has its original freight elevator and open spaces.</p><br>
<h2>Preservation and revitalization</h2><br>
<p>The South End&#39;s decline in the later years of the 20th century has been met with efforts to reverse it. A neighborhood association has been formed to lobby for improvements in housing and the overall quality of life. In 1978 the South End Improvement Corporation was established as a non-profit by a community housing activist to work toward similar goals by rehabilitating houses.</p><br>
<p>In the early 21st century the city and all stakeholders collaborated to create a comprehensive plan for the South End, Mansion and Pastures neighborhoods. It was released in 2007, under the name Capitol South Plan: SEGway for the Future. "SEG" stood for the plan&#39;s three steps: stabilize, energize and grow, the area.</p><br>
<p>It gave a seven-year timetable for implementing the plan. The first phase, stabilization, referred to measures that could be accomplished quickly such as renovating housing, improving residents educational attainment and taking measures to reduce crime. It was expected to take two years. After that, the neighborhood would be energized by investing strategically to make it a more desirable place to live. The final stage, growth, would involve major investments. "Each of the plans recommendations build upon each other, with the foundation being what can be done within the next two years to benefit the current residents of the South End."</p><br>
<p>In 2009 the city issued a progress report. Among the accomplishments it listed were the renovations to the Howe Branch Library and revitalization projects that included 20 homes built by Habitat for Humanity, which planned to concentrate its efforts at the intersection of Stephen Street and Third Avenue. The Capital District Transportation Authority had also extended a bus route serving the South End with stops at both nearby hospitals, increasing residents&#39; access to the good-paying jobs there.</p><br>
<p>Christ Lutheran Church and Parsonage, originally the German Evangelical Lutheran Church of Ellenville, is a historic Lutheran church and parsonage located at Ellenville, Ulster County, New York. The church was built in 1862 in the Greek Revival style. It was moved, enlarged, reoriented, and completely remodeled in 1903–1904 in the Gothic Revival style when moved to its present location. It is a roughly L-shaped building, with a T-shaped main block consisting of a -story, gable-roofed front block and -story gable-roofed rear block. Appended to it is a 1-story addition. It features a two-tiered, square bell tower, central front entrance flanked by blind bays, and Gothic arched stained glass windows. The parsonage is a 2-story, three-bay-wide, Greek Revival–style brick dwelling built about 1850.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2010. It is located in the Ellenville Downtown Historic District.</p><br>
<p>The Bull Valley Mountains are a 30-mi  long, mountain range in southwest Utah, located in northwest Washington County. The range is adjacent the Utah border and attached to the Clover Mountains of southeast Nevada. The Great Basin Divide transects the summits of both ranges, with the Escalante Desert north and northeast of the Bull Valley Mountains, and south of the mountains the Colorado River watershed, and specifically the Santa Clara River which drains southeasterly from an escarpment along the mountain range&#39;s southeast flank.</p><br>
<h2>Description and region</h2><br>
<p>The Bull Valley Mountains are on the water divide between the Escalante Valley north, the location of Enterprise in the southern Escalante Desert of the Great Basin, and the watershed of the Colorado to the south. Saint George, Utah is 25 mi SSE of the range.</p><br>
<h3>State Route 18</h3><br>
<p>Utah Route 18 traverses the base of the southeast escarpment and upper Santa Clara River; Route 18 then goes due north through the east end of the Bull Valley Mountains to Enterprise. The route also travels due south from the escarpment through Snow Canyon State Park, then to Saint George.</p><br>
<p>A separate route skirts the center of the escarpment&#39;s foothills, going from Veyo, then along the Santa Clara to Gunlock; the southwest third of the Bull Valley Mountains is drained southwest into the Beaver Dam Wash, west of the Beaver Dam Mountains. A feeder wash, Jackson Wash is located at the southwest escarpment area; the southwest of the mountain range is in the watershed of the East Fork Beaver Dam Wash, while the main Beaver Dam Wash watershed is between the Clover and Bull Valley nountain ranges.</p><br>
<h3>Lower Enterprise Reservoir</h3><br>
<p>Lower Enterprise Reservoir, is in the north of the range on Little Pine Creek. The reservoir is just southwest of Enterprise, and about 5 mi due south of Hebron.</p><br>
<h2>Peaks and highpoint</h2><br>
<p>Numerous peaks dot the Bull Valley Mountains, most around 5000 ft. The highpoint Lost Peak, 7,516 ft is in the center-west; Gutz Peak, 7,447 ft is 2 mi northwest.</p><br>
<p>Columbia Avenue Historic District is located in the central part of the city of Davenport, Iowa, United States. It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The district lies north and west of Vander Veer Botanical Park. The area is entirely residential and it contains brick apartment buildings that were built between 1930 and 1939. It is one of the city’s smallest districts and it is unique among the other historic districts in that it contains primarily apartment buildings.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The historic district is quite possibly the earliest apartment complex in the city of Davenport. The city has a long history of multiple-family housing. There is at least one row house from the 1860s still in existence. The double-house, or duplex, was popular in the city throughout the 19th century and were designed in the same styles as single-family dwellings. Larger apartment blocks of three to five floors were built in and around the city center for middle and upper-middle class households around the turn of the 20th century. During the 1910s and 1920s, most residential construction in the city was devoted to single-family homes. Harrison Manor was built from 1925 to 1926. It is a 46-unit building on Harrison Street, across from Vander Veer Park. At the time it was the largest apartment building constructed in Davenport and was similar to the apartment blocks that were being built in Chicago during the same time period.</p><br>
<p>The apartment complex centered on Columbia Avenue was begun in 1930 by Mclnnes Brothers, a local contractor, and developer. It is located a block northwest of Vander Veer Park. They had several buildings of the complex under construction when they went bankrupt in 1931. Otto Behrens and John F. Steffen stepped in and completed the buildings begun by Mclnnes Brothers. Archie Mclnnes reorganized the construction firm and completed the five remaining buildings in the complex.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The apartment buildings in the Columbia Avenue Historic District are made up of 19 four to six-unit apartment buildings that were built between 1930 and 1939 and two similar structures built in the 1950s. The buildings form a complex along city streets. Eight of the buildings face both sides of West Columbia Avenue, which runs through the middle of the district between Harrison and Ripley Streets. Three of the buildings flank Columbia facing Harrison. Four more building face West Hayes Street to the north, and six buildings face Ripley Street on the west.</p><br>
<p>There are several characteristics that are basic to each structure. They are all two stories with a raised basement-level unit. All of the buildings follow a rectangular plan with a symmetrical three or five-bay main facade. They are all frame construction and the exteriors are covered with polychrome tapestry brick. For the most part, the decorative detail of each building is restrained with the main entrance as the primary decorative element. Each unit has a matching brick multi-car garage that faces an alley. While all of the buildings contain the above characteristics they are each distinct in appearance from each other.</p><br>
<p>The differences in each building are largely found in their decorative detail. Some of the buildings have flat roofs with parapets and a recessed main entrance bay. Others have hipped roofs with dormers and a flat facade, or a projecting central bay that terminates in shallow gables with partial returns. The main entrances into the buildings also differ in style and shape. Some of the entrances are rectangular, while others have a round-arch or a depressed Tudor arch. The door surrounds are composed of brick, rock-faced stone, or glazed terracotta. A number of the newer buildings feature end-bay windows. The stairwell windows also differ from building to building. Some contain leaded glass and stained glass, while others have bits of mirror glass that are used in abstract designs.</p><br>
